Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Implantation and Establishment of Pregnancy in the Pig

  • Chapter
Regulation of Implantation and Establishment of Pregnancy in Mammals

Part of the book series: Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology ((ADVSANAT,volume 216))

Abstract

Establishment of pregnancy in the pig is initiated through the release of estrogens from the rapidly elongating conceptuses. Release of estrogens from the developing conceptuses alters the movement of endometrial prostaglandin F2α from being released into the vasculature (endocrine secretion) to sequestering in the uterine lumen (exocrine secretion). Rapid trophoblast elongation, which is unique to the pig, may be triggered through production of interleukin 1β2 (IL1B2) by conceptuses. Trophoblast elongation through the uterine horns provides the mechanism to allow conceptus–endometrial interactions essential for the implantation, placentation, and maintenance of pregnancy in the pig. This chapter provides current information on conceptus signaling pathways and endometrial responses to those conceptus factors leading to establishment of pregnancy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Albelda SM, Buck CA (1990) Integrins and other cell adhesion molecules. FASEB J 4:2868–2880

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali S, Mann DA (2004) Signal transduction via the NF-κB pathway: targeted treatment modality for infection, inflammation and repair. Cell Biochem Funct 22:67–79

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson LL (1978) Growth, protein content and distribution of early pig embryos. Anat Rec 190:143–153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aplin JD, Seif MW, Graham RA, Hey NA, Behzad F, Campbell S (1994) The endometrial cell surface and implantation. Expression of the polymorphic mucin MUC-1 and adhesion molecules during the endometrial cycle. Ann N Y Acad Sci 30:103–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apparao KBC, Illera MJ, Beyler SA, Olson GE, Osteen KG, Corjay MH, Boggess K, Lessey BA (2003) Regulated expression of osteopontin in the peri-implantation rabbit uterus. Biol Reprod 68:1484–1490

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armant DR (2005) Blastocysts don’t go it alone. Extrinsic signals fine-tune the intrinsic developmental program of trophoblast cells. Dev Biol 280:260–280

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashworth MD, Ross JW, Hu J, White FJ, Stein DR, Desilva U, Johnson GA, Spencer TE, Geisert RD (2006) Expression of porcine endometrial prostaglandin synthase during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy, and following endocrine disruption of pregnancy. Biol Reprod 74:1007–1015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashworth MD, Ross JW, Stein D, White F, Geisert RD (2010a) Endometrial gene expression of acute phase extracellular matrix components following estrogen disruption of pregnancy in pigs. Anim Reprod Sci 122:215–221. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.08.013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashworth MD, Ross JW, Stein DR, White FJ, Desilva UW, Geisert RD (2010b) Endometrial caspase 1 and interleukin-18 expression during the estrous cycle and peri-implantation period of porcine pregnancy and response to early exogenous estrogen administration. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 8:33. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-8-33

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashworth MD, Ross JW, Ritchey JW, Desilva U, Stein DR, Geisert RD, White FJ (2012) Effects of aberrant estrogen on the endometrial transcriptional profile in pigs. Reprod Toxicol 34:8–15. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.03.008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey DW, Dunlap KL, Erikson DW, Patel A, Bazer FW, Burghardt RC, Johnson GA (2010) Effects of long-term progesterone exposure on porcine uterine gene expression: progesterone alone does not induce secreted phosphoprotein 1 (osteopontin) in glandular epithelium. Reproduction 140:595–604. doi:10.1530/REP-10-0169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bazer FW, Thatcher WW (1977) Theory of maternal recognition of pregnancy in swine based on estrogen controlled endocrine versus exocrine secretion of prostaglandin F2alpha by the uterine endometrium. Prostaglandins 14:397–400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bazer FW, Burghardt RC, Johnson GA, Spencer TE, Wu G (2008) Interferons and progesterone for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy: interactions among novel cell signaling pathways. Reprod Biol 8:179–211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bazer FW, Wu G, Spencer TE, Johnson GA, Burghardt RC, Bayless K (2010) Novel pathways for implantation and establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in mammals. Mol Hum Reprod 16:135–152. doi:10.1093/molehr/gap095

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bazer FW, Spencer TE, Johnson GA, Burghardt RC (2011) Uterine receptivity to implantation of blastocysts in mammals. Front Biosci S3:745–767

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bazer FW, Song G, Kim J, Dunlap KA, Satterfield MC, Johnson GA, Burghardt RC, Wu G (2012) Uterine biology in pigs and sheep. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 3:23. doi:10.1186/2049-1891-3-23

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair RM, Geisert RD, Zavy MT, Short EC, Fulton RW, Yellin T (1991) Endometrial morphological and secretory alterations associated with embryonic mortality in gilts administered estradiol valerate on days 9 and 10 of gestation. Biol Reprod 44:1063–1079

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blomberg LA, Long EL, Sonstegard TS, Van Tassell CP, Dobrinsky JR, Zuelke KA (2005) Serial analysis of gene expression during elongation of the peri-implantation porcine trophectoderm (conceptus). Physiol Genomics 20:188–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blomberg LA, Garrett WM, Guillomot M, Miles JR, Sonstegard TS, Van Tassell CP, Zuelke KA (2006) Transcription profiling of the tubular porcine conceptus identifies the differential regulation of growth and developmentally associated genes. Mol Reprod Dev 73:1491–1502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen JA, Bazer FW, Burghardt RC (1996) Spatial and temporal analysis of integrin and Muc-1 expression in porcine uterine epithelium and trophectoderm in vivo. Biol Reprod 55:1098–1106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brayman M, Thathiah A, Carson DD (2004) MUC1: a multifunctional cell surface component of reproductive tissue epithelia. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2:4–12

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt RC, Bowen JA, Newton GR, Bazer FW (1997) Extracellular matrix and the implantation cascade in pigs. J Reprod Fertil 52(Suppl):151–164

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt RC, Johnson GA, Jaeger LA, Ka H, Garlow JE, Spencer TE, Bazer FW (2002) Integrins and extracellular matrix proteins at the maternal-fetal interface in domestic animals. Cells Tissues Organs 172:202–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt RC, Burghardt JR, Taylor JD II, Reeder AT, Nguyen BT, Spencer TE, Johnson GA (2009) Enhanced focal adhesion assembly reflects increased mechanosensation and mechanotransduction along the maternal/conceptus interface during pregnancy in sheep. Reproduction 137:583–593

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton GJ (1992) Human and animal models: limitations and comparisons. In: Barnea ER, Hustin J, Jainiaux E (eds) The first twelve weeks of gestation. Springer Press, Berlin, pp 469–485

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Butler WT, Ridall AL, McKee MD (1996) Osteopontin. In: Principles of bone biology. Academic Press, Inc, New York, pp 167–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter AM, Enders AC (2013) The evolution of epitheliochorial placentation. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 1:443–467. doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103653

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cencic A, La Bonnardière C (2002) Trophoblastic interferon-gamma: current knowledge and possible role(s) in early pig pregnancy. Vet Res 33:139–157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen C, Spencer TE, Bazer FW (2000a) Fibroblast growth factor-10: a stromal mediator of epithelial function in the ovine uterus. Biol Reprod 63:959–966

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen C, Spencer TE, Bazer FW (2000b) Expression of hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor c-met in the ovine uterus. Biol Reprod 62:1844–1850

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Li A, Chen W, Wei J, Fu J, Wang A (2015) Differential gene expression in uterine endometrium during implantation in pigs. Biol Reprod 92(2):52. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.114.123075

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christenson LK, Farley DB, Anderson LH, Ford SP (1994) Luteal maintenance during early pregnancy in the pig: role for prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandins 47:61–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conley AJ, Ford SP (1989) Direct luteotrophic effect of oestradiol-17 beta on pig corpora lutea. J Reprod Fertil 87:125–131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conley AJ, Christenson RK, Ford SP, Geisert RD, Mason JI (1992) Steroidogenic enzyme expression in porcine conceptuses during and after elongation. Endocrinology 131:896–902

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conley AJ, Christenson LK, Ford SP, Christenson RK (1994) Immunocytochemical localization of cytochromes P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase and aromatase in embryonic cell layers of elongating porcine blastocysts. Endocrinology 135:2248–2254

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’andrea S, La Bonnardiere C (1998) Cloning of the porcine interferon-gamma receptor and its foeto-endometrial expression in early pregnancy. Mol Reprod Dev 51:225–234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dantzer V (1985) Electron microscopy of the initial stages of placentation in the pig. Anat Embryol 172:281–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis AJ, Fleet IR, Harrison FA, Walker M (1979) Pulmonary metabolism of prostaglandin F2α in the conscious on-pregnant ewe and sow. J Physiol (Lond) 301:86 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis DL, Pakrasi PL, Dey SK (1983) Prostaglandins in swine blastocysts. Biol Reprod 28:1114–1118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Del Campo CH, Ginther OJ (1973) Vascular anatomy of the uterus and ovaries and the unilateral luteolytic effect of the uterus: horses, sheep, and swine. Am J Vet Res 34:305–316

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denhardt DT, Guo X (1993) Osteopontin: a protein with diverse functions. FASEB J 7:1475–1482

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhindsa DS, Dziuk PJ (1968a) Effect on pregnancy in the pig after killing embryos or fetuses in one uterine horn in early gestation. J Anim Sci 27:122–126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhindsa DS, Dziuk PJ (1968b) Influence of varying the proportion of uterus occupied by embryos on maintenance of pregnancy in the pig. J Anim Sci 27:668–672

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhindsa DS, Dziuk PJ, Norton HW (1967) Time of transuterine migration and distribution of embryos in the pig. Anat Rec 159:325–336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dinarello CA (2009) Immunological and inflammatory functions of the interleukin-1 family. Annu Rev Immunol 27:519–550. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132612

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • du Mesnil du Buisson F (1961) Possibilite d’un fonctionnement dissemblable des ovaries pendant la gestation chez la truie. Compt Rend Acad Sci 253:727

    Google Scholar 

  • Dziuk PJ, Polge C, Rowson LE (1964) Intrauterine migration and mixing of embryos in swine following egg transfer. J Anim Sci 23:37–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson DW, Burghardt RC, Bayless KJ, Johnson GA (2009) Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1, osteopontin) binds to integrin alphavbeta6 on porcine trophectoderm cells and integrin alphavbeta3 on uterine luminal epithelial cells, and promotes trophectoderm cell adhesion and migration. Biol Reprod 81:814–825. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.109.078600

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Estill CT, Britt JH, Gadsby JE (1993) Repeated administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha during the early luteal phase causes premature luteolysis in the pig. Biol Reprod 49:181–185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fazleabas AT, Geisert RD, Bazer FW, Roberts RM (1983) Relationship between release of plasminogen activator and estrogen by blastocysts and secretion of plasmin inhibitor by uterine endometrium in the pregnant pig. Biol Reprod 29:225–238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fazleabas AT, Kim JJ, Strakova Z (2004) Implantation: embryonic signals and the modulation of the uterine environment – a review. Placenta (25 Suppl A):S26–S31

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg RF, Kliman HJ, Wang CL (1994) Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates trophoblast oncofetal fibronectin synthesis in vitro: implications for trophoblast implantation in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:1241–1248

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer HE, Bazer FW, Fields MJ (1985) Steroid metabolism by endometrial and conceptus tissues during early pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in gilts. J Reprod Fertil 75:69–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford SP, Stice SL (1985) Effects of the ovary and conceptus on uterine blood flow in the pig. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 33:83–90

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford SP, Christenson RK, Ford JJ (1982) Uterine blood flow and uterine arterial, venous and luminal concentrations of oestrogens on days 11, 13 and 15 after oestrus in pregnant and non-pregnant sows. J Reprod Fertil 64:185–190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franczak A, Zmijewska A, Kurowicka B, Wojciechowicz B, Kotwica G (2010) Interleukin 1β-induced synthesis and secretion of prostaglandin E2 in the porcine uterus during various periods of pregnancy and the estrous cycle. J Physiol Pharmacol 61:733–742

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank M, Bazer FW, Thatcher WW, Wilcox CJ (1977) A study of prostaglandin F2alpha as the luteolysin in swine: III effects of estradiol valerate on prostaglandin F, progestins, estrone and estradiol concentrations in the utero-ovarian vein of nonpregnant gilts. Prostaglandins 14:1183–1196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank M, Bazer FW, Thatcher WW, Wilcox CJ (1978) A study of prostaglandin F2alpha as the lutbolysin in swine: IV An explanation for the luteotrophic effect of estradiol. Prostaglandins 15:151–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gadsby JE, Heap RB, Burton RD (1980) Oestrogen production by blastocyst and early embryonic tissue of various species. J Reprod Fertil 60:409–417

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gadsby J, Rose L, Sriperumbudur R, Ge Z (2006) The role of intra-luteal factors in the control of the porcine corpus luteum. Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl 62:69–83

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallant ND, Michael KE, García AJ (2005) Cell adhesion strengthening: contributions of adhesive area, integrin binding, and focal adhesion assembly. Mol Biol Cell 16:4329–4340

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner ML, First NL, Casida LE (1963) Effect of exogenous estrogens on corpus luteum maintenance in gilts. J Anim Sci 22:132–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Garlow JE, Ka H, Johnson GA, Burghardt RC, Jaeger LA, Bazer FW (2002) Analysis of osteopontin at the maternal-placental interface in pigs. Biol Reprod 66:718–725

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geisert RD, Brookbank JW, Roberts RM, Bazer FW (1982a) Establishment of pregnancy in the pig: II. Cellular remodeling of the porcine blastocysts during elongation on day 12 of pregnancy. Biol Reprod 27:941–955

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geisert RD, Renegar RH, Thatcher WW, Roberts RM, Bazer FW (1982b) Establishment of pregnancy in the pig: I. Interrelationships between preimplantation development of the pig blastocyst and uterine endometrial secretions. Biol Reprod 27:925–939

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geisert RD, Rasby RJ, Minton JE, Wetteman RP (1986) Role of prostaglandins in development of porcine blastocysts. Prostaglandins 31:191–204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geisert RD, Zavy MT, Wettemann RP, Biggers BG (1987) Length of pseudopregnancy and pattern of uterine protein release as influenced by time and duration of oestrogen administration in the pig. J Reprod Fertil 79:163–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geisert RD, Zavy MT, Moffatt RJ, Blair RM, Yellin T (1990) Embryonic steroids and the establishment of pregnancy in pigs. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 40:293–305

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geisert RD, Morgan GL, Short EC Jr, Zavy MT (1992) Endocrine events associated with endometrial function and conceptus development in cattle. Reprod Fertil Dev 4:301–305

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geisert RD, Brenner RM, Moffatt JR, Harney JP, Yellin T, Bazer FW (1993) Changes in estrogen receptor protein, mRNA expression and localization in the endometrium of cyclic and pregnant gilts. Reprod Fertil Dev 5:247–260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geisert RD, Pratt T, Bazer FW, Mayes JS, Watson GH (1994) Immunocytochemical localization and changes in endometrial progestin receptor protein during the porcine oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. Reprod Fertil Dev 6:749–760

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geisert RD, Yelich JV, Pratt T, Pomp D (1998) Expression of an inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain-like protein in the pig endometrium during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. J Reprod Fertil 114:35–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geisert RD, Ross JW, Malayer JR (2004) Estrogen: regulator and/or endocrine disruptor in the establishment of pregnancy. Curr Top Steroid Res 4:69–84

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geisert R, Fazleabas A, Lucy M, Mathew D (2012) Interaction of the conceptus and endometrium to establish pregnancy in mammals: role of interleukin 1β. Cell Tissue Res 349:825–838. doi:10.1007/s00441-012-1356-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geisert RD, Lucy MC, Whyte JJ, Ross JW, Mathew DJ (2014) Cytokines from the pig conceptus: roles in conceptus development in pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 7:51. doi:10.1186/2049-1891-5-51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giancotti FG, Ruoslahti E (1999) Integrin signaling. Science 285:1028–1032

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ginther OJ (1981) Local versus systemic uteroovarian relationships in farm animals. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 77:103–115

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray CA, Adelson DL, Bazer FW, Burghardt RC, Meusen EN, Spencer TE (2004) Discovery and characterization of an epithelial-specific galectin the endometrium that forms crystals in the trophectoderm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:7982–7987

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gries LK, Geisert RD, Zavy MT, Garrett JE, Morgan GL (1989) Uterine secretory alterations coincident with embryonic mortality in the gilt after exogenous estrogen administration. J Anim Sci 67:276–284

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross TS, Lacroix MC, Bazer FW, Thatcher WW, Harney JP (1988) Prostaglandin secretion by perifused porcine endometrium: further evidence for an endocrine versus exocrine secretion of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins 35:327–341

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross TS, Mirando MA, Young KH, Beers S, Bazer FW, Thatcher WW (1990) Reorientation of prostaglandin F secretion by calcium ionophore, estradiol, and prolactin in perifused porcine endometrium. Endocrinology 127:637–642

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guillomot M (1995) Cellular interactions during implantation in domestic ruminants. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 49:39–51

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harney JP, Bazer FW (1989) Effect of porcine conceptus secretory proteins on interestrous interval and uterine secretion of prostaglandins. Biol Reprod 41:277–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayden MS, Ghosh S (2012) NF-κB, the first quarter-century: remarkable progress and outstanding questions. Genes Dev 26:203–234. doi:10.1101/gad.183434

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hettinger AM, Allen MR, Zhang BR, Goad DW, Malayer JR, Geisert RD (2001) Presence of the acute phase protein, bikunin, in the endometrium of gilts during estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Biol Reprod 65:507–513

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heuser CH, Streeter GL (1929) Early stages in the development of pig embryos, from the period of initial cleavage to the time of the appearance of limb-buds. Contrib Embrol 20:3–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphries JD, Byron A, Humphries MJ (2006) Integrin ligands at a glance. J Cell Sci 119:3901–3903

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hynes RO (1987) Integrins: a family of cell surface receptors. Cell 48:549–554

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaeger LA, Spiegel AK, Ing NH, Johnson GA, Bazer FW, Burghardt RC (2005) Functional effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) on adhesive properties of porcine trophectoderm. Endocrinology 146:3933–3942

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins RG, Su X, Su G, Scotton CJ, Camerer E, Laurent GJ, Davis GE, Chambers RC, Matthay MA, Sheppard D (2006) Ligation of protease-activated receptor 1 enhances alph(v)beta6 integrin-dependent TGF-beta activation and promotes acute lung injury. J Clin Invest 116:1601–1614

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson S, Svineng G, Wennerberg K, Armulik A, Lohikangas L (1997) Fibronectin-integrin interactions. Front Biosci 2:d126–d146

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson GA, Burghardt RC, Spencer TE, Newton GR, Ott TL, Bazer FW (1999a) Ovine osteopontin II. Osteopontin and alpha(v)beta(3) integrin expression in the uterus and conceptus during the peri-implantation period. Biol Reprod 61:892–899

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson GA, Spencer TE, Burghardt RC, Bazer FW (1999b) Ovine osteopontin. I. Cloning and expression of mRNA in the uterus during the peri-implantation period. Biol Reprod 61:884–891

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson GA, Bazer FW, Jaeger LA, Ka H, Garlow JE, Pfarrer C, Spencer TE, Burghardt RC (2001) Muc-1, integrin and osteopontin expression during the implantation cascade in sheep. Biol Reprod 65:820–828

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson GA, Burghardt RC, Bazer FW, Spencer TE (2003) Minireview: osteopontin: roles in implantation and placentation. Biol Reprod 69:1458–1471

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson GA, Bazer FW, Burghardt RC, Spencer TE, Wu G, Bayless KJ (2009) Conceptus-uterus interactions in pigs: endometrial gene expression in response to estrogens and interferons from conceptuses. Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl 66:321–332

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson GA, Burghardt RC, Bazer FW (2014) Osteopontin: a leading candidate adhesion molecule for implantation in pigs and sheep. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 5:56. doi:10.1186/2049-1891-5-56

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joyce MM, Gonzalez JF, Lewis S, Woldesenbet S, Burghardt RC, Newton GR, Johnson GA (2005) Caprine uterine and placental osteopontin expression is distinct among epitheliochorial implanting species. Placenta 26:160–170

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joyce MM, Burghardt JR, Burghardt RC, Hooper RN, Jaeger LA, Spencer TE, Bazer FW, Johnson GA (2007a) Pig conceptuses increase uterine interferon-regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), but restrict expression to stroma through estrogen-induced IRF2 in luminal epithelium. Biol Reprod 77:292–302

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joyce MM, Burghardt RC, Geisert RD, Burghardt JR, Hooper RN, Ross JW, Ashworth MD, Johnson GA (2007b) Pig conceptuses secrete estrogen and IFN-γ to differentially regulate uterine STAT 1 in a temporal and cell type-specific manner. Endocrinology 198:4420–4431

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joyce MM, Burghardt JR, Burghardt RC, Hooper RN, Bazer FW, Johnson GA (2008) Uterine major histocompatibility class I molecules and beta 2 microglobulin are regulated by progesterone and conceptus interferons during pig pregnancy. J Immunol 181:2494–2505

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ka H-H, Spencer TE, Johnson GA, Bazer FW (2000) Keratinocyte growth factor: expression by endometrial epithelia in the porcine uterus. Biol Reprod 62:1772–1778

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ka H, Seo H, Kim M, Choi Y, Lee CK (2009) Identification of differentially expressed genes in the uterine endometrium on Day 12 of the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs. Mol Reprod Dev 76:7584. doi:10.1002/mrd.20935

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keys JL, King GJ (1988) Morphological evidence for increased uterine vascular permeability at the time of embryonic attachment in the pig. Biol Reprod 39:473–487

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keys JL, King GJ (1995) Morphology of pig uterine subepithelial capillaries after topical and systemic oestrogen treatment. J Reprod Fertil 105:287–294

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kidder HE, Casida LE, Grummer RH (1955) Some effects of estrogen injections on the estrual cycle of gilts. J Anim Sci 14:470–474

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiewisz J, Krawczynski K, Lisowski P, Blitek A, Zwierzchowski L, Ziecik AJ, Kaczmarek MM (2014) Global gene expression profiling of porcine endometria on days 12 and 16 of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. Theriogenology 82:897–909. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.07.009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim M, Seo H, Choi Y, Shim J, Bazer FW, Ka H (2012) Swine leukocyte antigen-DG expression and its regulation by interferon-gamma at the maternal-fetal interface in pigs. Biol Reprod 86:43. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.111.094011

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimber SJ, Spanswick C (2000) Blastocyst implantation: the adhesion cascade. Semin Cell Dev Biol 11:77–92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimber SJ, Illingworth IM, Glasser SR (1995) Expression of carbohydrate antigens in the rat uterus during early pregnancy and after ovariectomy and steroid replacement. J Reprod Fertil 103:75–87

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King AE, Collins F, Klonisch T, Sallenave JM, Critchley HO, Saunders PT (2010) An additive interaction between the NFkappaB and estrogen receptor signalling pathways in human endometrial epithelial cells. Hum Reprod 25:510–518

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kling D, Fingerle J, Harlan JM (1992) Inhibition of leukocyte extravasation with a monoclonal antibody to CD18 during formation of experimental intimal thickening in rabbit carotid arteries. Arterioscler Thromb 12:997–1007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knight JW, Bazer FW, Wallace HD (1973) Hormonal regulation of porcine uterine protein secretions. J Anim Sci 36:546–553

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kol S, Kehat I, Adashi EY (2002) Ovarian interleukin-1-induced gene expression: privileged genes threshold theory. Med Hypotheses 58:6–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kraeling RR, Rampacek GB, Fiorello NA (1985) Inhibition of pregnancy with indomethacin in mature gilts and prepubertal gilts induced to ovulate. Biol Reprod 32:105–110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krawczynski K, Najmula J, Bauersachs S, Kaczmarek MM (2015) MicroRNAome of porcine conceptuses and trophoblasts: expression profile of micrornas and their potential to regulate genes crucial for establishment of pregnancy. Biol Reprod 92:21. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.114.123588

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Bonnardière C, Martinat-Botte F, Terqui M, Lefèvre F, Zouari K, Martal J, Bazer FW (1991) Production of two species of interferon by large white and meishan pig conceptuses during the peri-attachment period. J Reprod Fertil 91:469–478

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen M, Artym VV, Green JA, Yamada KM (2006) The matrix reorganized: extracellular matrix remodeling and integrin signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 18:463–471

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence DA (1996) Transforming growth factor-β: a general review. Eur Cytokine Netw 7:363–374

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lefèvre F, Guillomot M, D’Andrea S, Battegay S, La Bonnardière C (1998) Interferon-delta: the first member of a novel type I interferon family. Biochimie 80:779–788

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lessey BA (2002) Adhesion molecules and implantation. J Reprod Immunol 55:101–112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Long GG, Diekman MA, Tuite JF, Shannon GM, Vesonder RF (1983) Effect of Fusarium roseum (Gibberella zea) on pregnancy and the estrous cycle in gilts fed molded corn on days 7–17 post-estrus. Vet Res Commun 6:199–204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Massuto DA, Kneese EC, Johnson GA, Hooper NH, Burghardt RC, Ing NH, Jaeger LA (2009a) Transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) signaling is activated during porcine implantation: proposed role for latency associated peptide-integrins at the conceptus-maternal interface. Reproduction 139:465–478. doi:10.1530/REP-09-0447

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massuto DA, Hooper RN, Kneese EC, Johnson GA, Ing NH, Weeks BR, Jaeger LA (2009b) Intrauterine infusion of latency associated peptide (LAP) during early porcine pregnancy affects conceptus elongation and placental size. Biol Reprod 82:534–542. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.109.081893

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathew DJ, Sellner EM, Green JC, Okamura CS, Anderson LL, Lucy MC, Geisert RD (2011) Uterine progesterone receptor expression, conceptus development, and ovarian function in pigs treated with RU 486 during early pregnancy. Biol Reprod 84:130–139. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.110.086843

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathew DJ, Newsom EM, Guyton JM, Tuggle CK, Geisert RD, Lucy MC (2015) Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B in uterine luminal epithelial cells by interleukin-1 beta 2: a novel interleukin-1 expressed by the elongating pig conceptus. Biol Reprod pii:biolreprod.114.126128

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattson BA, Overstrom EW, Albertini DF (1990) Transitions in trophectoderm cellular shape and cytoskeletal organization in the elongating pig blastocyst. Biol Reprod 42:195–205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mirkin S, Arslan M, Churikov D, Corica A, Diaz JI, Williams S, Bocca S, Oehninger S (2005) In search of candidate genes critically expressed in the human endometrium during the window of implantation. Hum Reprod 20:2104–2117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moeljono MP, Thatcher WW, Bazer FW, Frank M, Owens LJ, Wilcox CJ (1977) A study of prostaglandin F2alpha as the luteolysin in swine: II Characterization and comparison of prostaglandin F, estrogens and progestin concentrations in utero-ovarian vein plasma of nonpregnant and pregnant gilts. Prostaglandins 14:543–555

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niu PD, Lefevre F, La Bonnardiere C (1995) Atypical sp1 interferon binds on porcine cells to a major component of type 1 interferon receptor. J Interferon Cytokine Res 15:769–775

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry JS (1981) The mammalian fetal membranes. J Reprod Fertil 62:321–335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry JS, Heap RB, Amoroso EC (1973) Steroid hormone production by pig blastocysts. Nature 245:45–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polge C, Dziuk PJ (1970) Time of cessation of intrauterine migration of Pig embryos. J Anim Sci 31:565–566

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pope WF (1994) Embryonic mortality in swine. In: Geisert RD, Zavy MT (eds) Embryonic mortality in domestic species. CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, pp 53–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope WF, Maurer RR, Stormshak F (1982) Intrauterine migration of the porcine embryo: influence of estradiol-17 beta and histamine. Biol Reprod 27:575–579

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pope WF, Lawyer MS, Butler WR, Foote RH, First NL (1986a) Dose-response shift in the ability of gilts to remain pregnant following exogenous estradiol-17 beta exposure. J Anim Sci 63:1208–1210

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pope WF, Lawyer MS, First NL (1986b) Intrauterine migration of the porcine embryo: coordination of bead migration with estradiol. J Anim Sci 63:848–853

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powell JK, Glasser SR, Woldesenbet S, Burghardt RE, Newton GR (2000) Expression of carbohydrate antigens in the goat uterus during early pregnancy and on steroid-treated polarized uterine epithelial cells in vitro. Biol Reprod 62:277–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prutsch N, Fock V, Haslinger P, Haider S, Fiala C, Pollheimer J, Knöfler M (2012) The role of interleukin-1β in human trophoblast motility. Placenta 33:696–703. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2012.05.008

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quaedackers ME, van den Brink CE, van der Saag PT, Tertoolen LG (2007) Direct interaction between estrogen receptor alpha and NF-kappaB in the nucleus of living cells. Mol Cell Endocrinal 273:42–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Red-Horse K, Zhou Y, Genbacev O, Prakobphol A, Foulk R, McMaster M, Fisher SJ (2004) Trophoblast differentiation during embryo implantation and formation of the maternal-fetal interface. J Clin Invest 114:744–754

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson HA, King GJ (1974) Plasma concentrations of progesterone, oestrone, oestradiol-17beta and of oestrone sulphate in the pig at implantation, during pregnancy and at parturition. J Reprod Fertil 40:133–141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross JW, Ashworth MD, Hurst AG, Malayer JR, Geisert RD (2003a) Analysis and characterization of differential gene expression during rapid trophoblastic elongation in the pig using suppression subtractive hybridization. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 1:23

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross JW, Malayer JR, Ritchey JW, Geisert RD (2003b) Characterization of the interleukin-1beta system during porcine trophoblastic elongation and early placental attachment. Biol Reprod 69:1251–1259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross JW, Ashworth MD, Stein DR, Couture OP, Tuggle CK, Geisert RD (2009) Identification of differential gene expression during porcine conceptus rapid trophoblastic elongation and attachment to uterine luminal epithelium. Physiol Genomics 36:140–148. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00022.2008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross JW, Ashworth MD, Mathew D, Reagan P, Ritchey JW, Hayashi K, Spencer TE, Geisert RD (2010) Activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor kapp-B, during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in the pig.Reprod Biol Endocrinol 8:39. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-8-39

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruoslahti E, Pierschbacher MD (1987) New perspectives in cell adhesion: RGD and integrins. Science 238:491–497

    Google Scholar 

  • Samborski A, Graf A, Krebs S, Kessler B, Reichenbach M, Reichenbach HD, Ulbrich SE, Bauersachs S (2013) Transcriptome changes in the porcine endometrium during the preattachment phase. Biol Reprod 89:134. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.113.112177

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sastry SK, Burridge K (2000) Focal adhesions: a nexus for intracellular signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics. Exp Cell Res 261:25–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senger DR, Perruzzi CA, Papadopoulos-Sergiou A, Van de Water L (1994) Adhesive properties of osteopontin: regulation by a naturally occurring thrombin-cleavage in close proximity to the GRGDS cell-binding domain. Mol Biol Cell 5:565–574

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seo H, Kim M, Choi Y, Lee CK, Ka H (2008) Analysis of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor and LPA-induced endometrial prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 expression in the porcine uterus. Endocrinology 149:6166–6175. doi:10.1210/en.2008-0354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seo H, Kim M, Choi Y, Ka H (2011) Salivary lipocalin is uniquely expressed in the uterine endometrial glands at the time of conceptus implantation and induced by interleukin 1beta in pigs. Biol Reprod 84:279–287. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.110.086934

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seo H, Choi Y, Shim J, Choi Y, Ka H (2012a) Regulatory mechanism for expression of IL1B receptors in the uterine endometrium and effects of IL1B on prostaglandin synthetic enzymes during the implantation period in pigs. Biol Reprod 87(31):1–11. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.112.099051

    Google Scholar 

  • Seo H, Choi Y, Shim J, Kim M, Ka H (2012b) Analysis of the lysophosphatidic acid-generating enzyme ENPP2 in the uterus during pregnancy in pigs. Biol Reprod 87:77. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.112.099564

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seo H, Choi Y, Shim J, Yoo I, Ka H (2014a) Comprehensive analysis of prostaglandin metabolic enzyme expression during pregnancy and the characterization of AKR1B1 as a prostaglandin F synthase at the maternal-conceptus interface in pigs. Biol Reprod 90(99):1–13. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.113.114926

    Google Scholar 

  • Seo H, Choi Y, Shim J, Yoo I, Ka H (2014b) Prostaglandin transporters ABCC4 and SLCO2A1 in the uterine endometrium and conceptus during pregnancy in pigs. Biol Reprod 90:100. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.113.114934

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shille VM, Karlbom I, Einarsson S, Larsson K, Kindahl H, Edqvist LE (1979) Concentrations of progesterone and 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2 alpha in peripheral plasma during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in gilts. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 26A:169–181

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Short RV (1969) Implantation and the maternal recognition of pregnancy. In: Foetal autonomy. Churchill, London, pp 2–26

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sodek J, Ganss B, McKee MD (2000) Osteopontin. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 11:279–303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song G, Dunlap KA, Kim J, Bailey DW, Spencer TE, Burghardt RC, Wagner GF, Johnson GA, Bazer FW (2009) Stanniocalcin 1 is a luminal epithelial marker for implantation in pigs regulated by progesterone and estradiol. Endocrinology 150:936–945. doi:10.1210/en.2008-1026

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer TE, Bazer FW (2004) Uterine and placental factors regulating conceptus growth in domestic animals. J Anim Sci 82(E-Suppl):E4–E13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer TE, Johnson GA, Burghardt RC, Bazer FW (2004a) Progesterone and placental hormone actions on the uterus: insights from domestic animals. Biol Reprod 71:2–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer TE, Johnson GA, Bazer FW, Burghardt RC (2004b) Implantation mechanisms: insights from the sheep. Reproduction 128:656–668

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer TE, Johnson GA, Bazer FW, Burghardt RC (2007) Fetal-maternal interactions during the establishment of pregnancy in ruminants. Reproduction 64:379–396

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone BA, Seamark RF (1985) Steroid hormones in uterine washings and in plasma of gilts between days 9 and 15 after oestrus and between days 9 and 15 after coitus. J Reprod Fertil 75:209–221

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tou W, Harney JP, Bazer FW (1996) Developmentally regulated expression of interleukin-1β by peri-implantation conceptuses in swine. J Reprod Immunol 31:185–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuo WB, Bazer FW (1996) Expression of oncofetal fibronectin in porcine conceptuses and uterus throughout gestation. Reprod Fertil Dev 8:1207–1213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valdez Magaña G, Rodríguez A, Zhang H, Webb R, Alberio R (2014) Paracrine effects of embryo-derived FGF4 and BMP4 during pig trophoblast elongation. Dev Biol 387:15–27. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.008

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vonnahme KA, Malayer JR, Spivey HO, Ford SP, Clutter A, Geisert RD (1999) Detection of kallikrein gene expression and enzymatic activity in porcine endometrium during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Biol Reprod 61:1235–1241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waclawik A, Blitek A, Kaczmarek MM, Kiewisz J, Ziecik AJ (2009) Antiluteolytic mechanisms and the establishment of pregnancy in the pig. Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl 66:307–320

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White FJ, Ross JW, Joyce MM, Geisert RD, Burghardt RC, Johnson GA (2005) Steroid regulation of cell specific secreted phosphoprotein 1 (osteopontin) expression in the pregnant porcine uterus. Biol Reprod 73:1294–1301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White FJ, Burghardt RC, Hu J, Joyce MM, Spencer TE, Johnson GA (2006) Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (osteopontin) is expressed by stromal macrophages in cyclic and pregnant endometrium of mice, but is induced by estrogen in luminal epithelium during conceptus attachment for implantation. Reproduction 132:919–929

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson ME, Fahrenkrug SC, Smith TP, Rohrer GA, Ford SP (2002) Differential expression of cyclooxygenase-2 around the time of elongation in the pig conceptus. Anim Reprod Sci 71:229–237

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wozniak MA, Modzelewska K, Kwong L, Keely PJ (2004) Focal adhesion regulation of cell behavior. Biochim Biophys Acta 1692:103–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wullaert A, Bonnet MC, Pasparakis M (2011) NF-κB in the regulation of epithelial homeostasis and inflammation. Cell Res 21:146–158. doi:10.1038/cr.2010.175

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yelich JV, Pomp D, Geisert RD (1997) Ontogeny of elongation and gene expression in the early developing porcine conceptus. Biol Reprod 57:1256–1265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zavy MT, Bazer FW, Thatcher WW, Wilcox CJ (1980) A study of prostaglandin F2 alpha as the luteolysin in swine: V. Comparison of prostaglandin F, progestins, estrone and estradiol in uterine flushings from pregnant and nonpregnant gilts. Prostaglandins 20:837–851

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ziecik AJ, Waclawik A, Kaczmarek MM, Blitek A, Jalali BM, Andronowska A (2011) Mechanisms for the establishment of pregnancy in the pig. Reprod Domest Anim 46(Suppl 3):31–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Animal Sciences, 163 Animal Science Research Center, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA

    Rodney D. Geisert & Gregory A. Johnson

  2. Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA

    Robert C. Burghardt

Authors
  1. Rodney D. Geisert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gregory A. Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Robert C. Burghardt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rodney D. Geisert .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. S163 Animal Science Research Center Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA

    Rodney D. Geisert

  2. Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

    Fuller W. Bazer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Geisert, R.D., Johnson, G.A., Burghardt, R.C. (2015). Implantation and Establishment of Pregnancy in the Pig. In: Geisert, R., Bazer, F. (eds) Regulation of Implantation and Establishment of Pregnancy in Mammals. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology, vol 216. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15856-3_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation