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Disorder-Based Security Hardware: An Overview

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Secure System Design and Trustable Computing

Abstract

The explicit utilization of physical disorder and of random, micro- and nanoscale phenomena is a recently emerging trend in hardware security. The associated fields of research could be termed disorder-based security or also nano-security. In this chapter, we give an overview of this arising area. We start by a motivation of alternative approaches in hardware security. This is followed by a brief description of physical disorder and its useful features.

Subsequently, readers are introduced to the main concepts of the area via a number of concrete examples. We show how disorder-based methods can avoid the long-term presence of keys in vulnerable hardware, allow the derivation of keys in systems without non-volatile memory, and sometimes even evade the need for any security-critical information in hardware at all. Our examples include optical as well as electrical implementations.

Towards the end, we take a broader perspective of the field: We illustrate its history from its first presence in patent writings in the 1960s over the pivotal role of physical unclonable functions (PUFs) to its current state and future challenges.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This focus distinguishes the area from other, well-known and non-standard approaches in crypto and security, such as quantum cryptography [8], noise-based crypto [25], or the bounded storage model [5, 79].

  2. 2.

    The only macroscopic or mesoscopic counterexamples known to the author are highly regular crystal structures, but even they can exhibit defects or surface roughness. In addition, there are certain microscopic objects like photons or electrons which appear to be the same for every specimen (compare [162] for an amusing assessment of the similarities of all electrons by two great physicists). But such microscopic objects or even elementary particles are not our topic in this thesis.

  3. 3.

    Please note that this type of unclonability differs from another well-known type of unclonability, namely quantum unclonability. The latter is based on inherent features of quantum mechanics, the former on the technological limitations of available two- and three-dimensional fabrication techniques.

  4. 4.

    It is interesting to comment that any physical action can in principle be interpreted as a computation and, vice versa, that computation can be understood as an inherently physical process. This view has been expressed by Deutsch and others [31, 32, 143], and, in a non-scientific context, even a few years before Deutsch by novelist Douglas Adams [1]. In this sense, it appears legitimate to talk about “computational speed” also when one is actually referring to physical interactions, as we do above.

  5. 5.

    One advantageous approach is shining a laser beam at the structure and measuring the resulting reflective interference pattern [14], but there are also other suitable techniques [43, 155, 156].

  6. 6.

    Following a convention stipulated in [41], readers may interpret the protocol in such a way that C i denotes the PUF challenge and the corresponding helper data required to reconstruct the PUF response R i from a noisy version R i ′.

  7. 7.

    However, copies of this paper seem unavailable to a broad public. The author of this chapter has been unsuccessful in gaining access despite considerable efforts, including multiple e-mail requests to the Sandia National Laboratories. Other researchers made partly similar experiences (Kirovski, 2008, Personal communication, Dagstuhl).

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    Ulrich Rührmair

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    Chip-Hong Chang

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    Miodrag Potkonjak

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Rührmair, U. (2016). Disorder-Based Security Hardware: An Overview. In: Chang, CH., Potkonjak, M. (eds) Secure System Design and Trustable Computing. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14971-4_1

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