Abstract
Various brain-imaging techniques, such as CT, fMRI, and EEG, have been introduced with their own strength and weakness. While CT and fMRI systems are anything but portable and thus undermine their use in dynamic conditions, EEG system has poor resolution. NIRS system, however, can be made portable with sufficiently high resolution, enabling its use in dynamic conditions and detecting valuable hemodynamics therefrom. This chapter provides a brief overview of the basic principle on NIRS, the imaging technique of diffuse optical tomography, and the superficial noise reduction method. Then, three different modulations methods for realizing the multi-channel CW NIRS are introduced. Lastly, the implementation of spread-spectrum-code-based CW NIRS is laid out for illustration.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Tomioka H, Yamagata B, Takahashi T, Yano M, Isomura AJ, Kobayashi H, Minura M. Detection of hypofrontality in drivers with Alzheimer’s disease by near-infrared spectroscopy. Neurosci Lett. 2009;451(3):252–6.
Suda M, Takei Y, Aoyama Y, Narita K, Sato T, Fukuda M, Mikuni M. Frontopolar activation during face-to-face conversation: an in situ study using near-infrared spectroscopy. Neuropsychologia. 2010;48(2):441–7.
Wolf M, Ferrari M, Quaresima V. Progress of near-infrared spectroscopy and topography for brain and muscle clinical applications. J Biomed Opt. 2007;12(6):062104-062104-14.
Atsumori H, Kiguchi M, Obata A, Sato H, Katura T, Funane T, Maki A. Development of wearable optical topography system for mapping the prefrontal cortex activation. Rev Sci Instrum. 2009;80(4):043704.
Zhang Q, Yan X, Strangman GE. Development of motion resistant instrumentation for ambulatory near-infrared spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt. 2011;16(8):087008-087008-12. doi:10.1117/1.3615248.
Thiagarajah JR, Papadopoulos MC, Verkman AS. Noninvasive early detection of brain edema in mice by near‐infrared light scattering. J Neurosci Res. 2005;80(2):293–9.
Okada E, Firbank M, Schweiger M, Arridge SR, Cope M, Delpy DT. Theoretical and experimental investigation of near-infrared light propagation in a model of the adult head. Appl Opt. 1997;36(1):21–31.
Cope M, Delpy DT. System for long-term measurement of cerebral blood and tissue oxygenation on newborn infants by near infra-red transillumination. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1988;26:289–94.
Wray S, Cope M, Delpy DT, Wyatt JS, Reynolds ER. Characterization of the near infrared absorption spectra of cytochrome aa3 and haemoglobin for the non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)—Bioenerg. 1988;933(1):184–92.
Delpy DT, Cope M. Near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging of living systems. Philos Trans: Biol Sci. 1997;352(1354):649–59.
Fantini S, et al. Semi-infinite-geometry boundary problem for light migration in highly scattering media: a frequency-domain study in the diffusion approximation. J Opt Soc Am B. 1994;11(10):2128.
Wang L, et al. MCML—Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 1995;47(2):131–46.
Ferrari M, Mottola L, Quaresima V. Principles, techniques, and limitations of near infrared spectroscopy. Can J Appl Phys. 2004;29(4):463–87.
Chance B, Leigh JS, Miyake H, Smith DS, Nioka S, Greenfeld R, Finander M, Kaufmann K, Levy W, Young M, Cohen P, Yoshioka H, Boretsky R. Comparison of time-resolved and-unresolved measurements of deoxyhemoglobin in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988;85(14):4971–5.
Firbank M, Okada E, Delpy DT. A theoretical study of the signal contribution of regions of the adult head to near-infrared spectroscopy studies of visual evoked responses. Neuroimage. 1998;8(1):69–78.
O’Leary MA. Imaging with diffuse photon density waves. PhD Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania; 1996.
Arridge S, Schweiger M. A gradient-based optimisation scheme for optical tomography. Opt Express. 1998;2(6):213.
Kirilina E, et al. The physiological origin of task-evoked systemic artefacts in functional near infrared spectroscopy. Neuroimage. 2012;61(1):70–81.
Choi JK, Choi MG, Bae H-M. An efficient data extraction method for high-temporal-and-spatial-resolution near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) systems. In: 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), vol. 560, no. 563; 2012. p. 20–23.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by Center for Integrated Smart Sensors funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning as the Global Frontier Project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bae, H. (2015). Basic Principle and Practical Implementation of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). In: Lin, YL., Kyung, CM., Yasuura, H., Liu, Y. (eds) Smart Sensors and Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14711-6_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14711-6_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-14710-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-14711-6
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)