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Behavioral Mechanisms Underlying Nicotine Reinforcement

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The Neuropharmacology of Nicotine Dependence

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 24))

Abstract

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide, and nicotine, the primary psychoactive constituent in tobacco, drives sustained use. The behavioral actions of nicotine are complex and extend well beyond the actions of the drug as a primary reinforcer. Stimuli that are consistently paired with nicotine can, through associative learning, take on reinforcing properties as conditioned stimuli. These conditioned stimuli can then impact the rate and probability of behavior and even function as conditioning reinforcers that maintain behavior in the absence of nicotine. Nicotine can also act as a conditioned stimulus (CS), predicting the delivery of other reinforcers, which may allow nicotine to acquire value as a conditioned reinforcer. These associative effects, establishing non-nicotine stimuli as conditioned stimuli with discriminative stimulus and conditioned reinforcing properties as well as establishing nicotine as a CS, are predicted by basic conditioning principles. However, nicotine can also act non-associatively. Nicotine directly enhances the reinforcing efficacy of other reinforcing stimuli in the environment, an effect that does not require a temporal or predictive relationship between nicotine and either the stimulus or the behavior. Hence, the reinforcing actions of nicotine stem both from the primary reinforcing actions of the drug (and the subsequent associative learning effects) as well as the reinforcement enhancement action of nicotine which is non-associative in nature. Gaining a better understanding of how nicotine impacts behavior will allow for maximally effective tobacco control efforts aimed at reducing the harm associated with tobacco use by reducing and/or treating its addictiveness.

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Acknowledgments

Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA010464) and FDA Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) (U54 DA031659). The funding source had no other role other than financial support. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or the Food and Drug Administration.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA

    Laura E. Rupprecht, Rachel L. Schassburger, Deanne M. Buffalari & Alan F. Sved

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3137 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA

    Tracy T. Smith, Alan F. Sved & Eric C. Donny

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  1. Laura E. Rupprecht
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  2. Tracy T. Smith
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  3. Rachel L. Schassburger
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  4. Deanne M. Buffalari
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  5. Alan F. Sved
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  6. Eric C. Donny
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Correspondence to Eric C. Donny .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom

    David J.K. Balfour

  2. School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

    Marcus R. Munafò

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Rupprecht, L.E., Smith, T.T., Schassburger, R.L., Buffalari, D.M., Sved, A.F., Donny, E.C. (2015). Behavioral Mechanisms Underlying Nicotine Reinforcement. In: Balfour, D., Munafò, M. (eds) The Neuropharmacology of Nicotine Dependence. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 24. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13482-6_2

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