Skip to main content

The Incidence and Clinical Significance of Adenomyosis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Uterine Adenomyosis

Abstract

For more than a century the diagnosis of adenomyosis was only possible through pathological examination of hysterectomy specimens but this has changes with the introduction of transvaginal ultrasound and MRI. Despite the large number of published studies reporting on the incidence and the clinical correlates of adenomyosis, there is no agreement on the definition and cut-off between adenomyosis and normal uteri and most reports still rely on case series of women undergoing hysterectomy. This poses considerable challenge to our understanding of the disease, its impact and of the accuracy of imaging diagnosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Agic A, Djalali S, et al. Combination of CCR1 mRNA, MCP1, and CA125 measurements in peripheral blood as a diagnostic test for endometriosis. Reprod Sci. 2008;15(9):906–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ascher SM, Arnold LL, et al. Adenomyosis: prospective comparison of MR imaging and transvaginal sonography. Radiology. 1994;190(3):803–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ascher SM, Johnson JC, et al. MR imaging appearance of the uterus in postmenopausal women receiving tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer: histopathologic correlation. Radiology. 1996;200(1):105–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Atri M, Reinhold C, et al. Adenomyosis: US features with histologic correlation in an in-vitro study. Radiology. 2000;215(3):783–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Atzori E, Tronci C, et al. Transvaginal ultrasound in the diagnosis of diffuse adenomyosis. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1996;42(1):39–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Azziz R. Adenomyosis in pregnancy. A review. J Reprod Med. 1986;31(4):224–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Azziz R. Adenomyosis: current perspectives. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1989;16(1):221–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bazot M, Cortez A, et al. Ultrasonography compared with magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of adenomyosis: correlation with histopathology. Hum Reprod. 2001;16(11):2427–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bazot M, Darai E, et al. Limitations of transvaginal sonography for the diagnosis of adenomyosis, with histopathological correlation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002;20(6):605–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Benson RC, Sneeden VD. Adenomyosis: a reappraisal of symptomatology. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1958;76(5):1044–57; discussion 1057–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bergholt T, Eriksen L, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of adenomyosis at hysterectomy. Hum Reprod. 2001;16(11):2418–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bird CC, McElin TW, et al. The elusive adenomyosis of the uterus–revisited. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1972;112(5):583–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bischof P, Galfetti MA, et al. Peripheral CA 125 levels in patients with uterine fibroids. Hum Reprod. 1992;7(1):35–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bromley B, Shipp TD, et al. Adenomyosis: sonographic findings and diagnostic accuracy. J Ultrasound Med. 2000;19(8):529–34; quiz 535-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Brosens JJ, de Souza NM, et al. Uterine junctional zone: function and disease. Lancet. 1995;346(8974):558–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Campo S, Campo V, et al. Adenomyosis and infertility. Reprod Biomed Online. 2012;24(1):35–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Champaneria R, Abedin P, et al. Ultrasound scan and magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of adenomyosis: systematic review comparing test accuracy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010;89(11):1374–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Chiang CH, Chang MY, et al. Effect of a sonographically diffusely enlarged uterus without distinct uterine masses on the outcome of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. J Assist Reprod Genet. 1999;16(7):369–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Cohen I, Beyth Y, et al. High frequency of adenomyosis in postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1997;44(3):200–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cohen I, Beyth Y, et al. Adenomyosis in postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen: a new entity? Gynecol Oncol. 1995;58(1):86–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Costello MF, Lindsay K, et al. The effect of adenomyosis on in vitro fertilisation and intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection treatment outcome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011;158(2):229–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Davies AP, Oram D. Exacerbation of adenomyosis in a postmenopausal woman taking tibolone associated with an elevation in serum CA 125. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;101(7):632–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Dechaud H, Haouzi D, et al. New biomarkers of adenomyosis in endometrium. Fertil Steril. 2014;102(Suppl):e49–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ding X, Wang L, et al. Detection of mitochondrial biomarkers in eutopic endometria of endometriosis using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(7):2528–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Dreyfuss ML. Pathologic and clinical asapects of adenomyosis and endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1940;39(1):95–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Dueholm M, Lundorf E, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of adenomyosis. Fertil Steril. 2001;76(3):588–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Emge LA. The elusive adenomyosis of the uterus. Its historical past and its present state of recognition. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1962;83:1541–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Fedele L, Bianchi S, et al. Transvaginal ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of adenomyoma versus leiomyoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;167(3):603–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Fernando S, Breheny S, et al. Preterm birth, ovarian endometriomata, and assisted reproduction technologies. Fertil Steril. 2009;91(2):325–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fraser IS, McCarron G, et al. Measured menstrual blood loss in women with menorrhagia associated with pelvic disease or coagulation disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 1986;68(5):630–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Gardner GH. Adenomyosis: a reappraisal of symptomatology: discussion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1958;76:1057–8.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Gompel C, Silverberg SG. Pathology in gynecology and obstetrics. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Graves WK. Adenomyosis: A clinical and pathological appraisal. Discussion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971:110(2):282–3.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Habiba MA. Radionuclide migration through the genital tract in infertile women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 1994;9(6):1193–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Halila H, Suikkari AM, et al. The effect of hysterectomy on serum CA 125 levels in patients with adenomyosis and uterine fibroids. Hum Reprod. 1987;2(3):265–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Hauth EA, Jaeger HJ, et al. MR imaging of the uterus and cervix in healthy women: determination of normal values. Eur Radiol. 2007;17(3):734–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hendrickson MR, Kempson RL. Non-neoplastic conditions of the myometrium and uterine serosa. In: Surgical pathology of the uterine corpus. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1980. p. 452–67.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Higham JM, O’Brien PM, Shaw RW. Assessment of menstrual blood loss using a pictorial chart. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990;97(8):734–9

    Google Scholar 

  39. Jean-Baptiste H, Tetrokalashvili M, et al. Characteristics associated with postoperative diagnosis of adenomyosis or combined adenomyosis with fibroids. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013;122(2):112–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Jing J, Qiao Y, et al. Two novel serum biomarkers for endometriosis screened by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and their change after laparoscopic removal of endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 2009;92(4):1221–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Juang CM, Chou P, et al. Adenomyosis and risk of preterm delivery. BJOG. 2007;114(2):165–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kepkep K, Tuncay YA, et al. Transvaginal sonography in the diagnosis of adenomyosis: which findings are most accurate? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2007;30(3):341–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kilkku P, Erkkola R, et al. Non-specificity of symptoms related to adenomyosis. A prospective comparative survey. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1984;63(3):229–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kim SH, Kim JK, et al. Rapidly growing adenomyosis during the first trimester: magnetic resonance images. Fertil Steril. 2006;85(4):1057–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kissler S, Hamscho N, et al. Uterotubal transport disorder in adenomyosis and endometriosis–a cause for infertility. BJOG. 2006;113(8):902–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kitawaki J, Ishihara H, et al. Usefulness and limits of CA-125 in diagnosis of endometriosis without associated ovarian endometriomas. Hum Reprod. 2005;20(7):1999–2003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Koçak I, Yanık F, et al. Transvaginal ultrasound in the diagnosis of adenomyosis. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1998;62(3):293–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Koot YE, Teklenburg G, et al. Molecular aspects of implantation failure. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1822(12):1943–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Krause A, Gerber B. Postmenopausal hemorrhage and endometrial cancer in tamoxifen therapy. Zentralbl Gynakol. 1994;116(1):44–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kunz G, Beil D, et al. Adenomyosis in endometriosis--prevalence and impact on fertility. Evidence from magnetic resonance imaging. Hum Reprod. 2005;20(8):2309–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Kunz G, Herbertz M, et al. Adenomyosis as a disorder of the early and late human reproductive period. Reprod Biomed Online. 2007;15(6):681–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kyama CM, Mihalyi A, et al. Evaluation of endometrial biomarkers for semi-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 2011;95(4):1338–43 e1–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Langlois PL. The size of the normal uterus. J Reprod Med. 1970;4(6):220–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Le Bouedec G, Kauffmann P, et al. Post-menopausal endometriosis developed during tamoxifen treatment. Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet. 1991;86(5):407–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Lessey BA, Lebovic DI, Taylor RN. Eutopic endometrium in women with endometriosis: ground zero for the study of implantation defects. Semin Reprod Med. 2013;31(2):109–24

    Google Scholar 

  56. Levgur M, Abadi MA, et al. Adenomyosis: symptoms, histology, and pregnancy terminations. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95(5):688–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lewinski H. Beitrag zur Frage der Adenomyosis. Zentralbl Gynakol. 1931;55:2163–7.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Lister JE, Kane GJ, et al. Ultrasound appearance of adenomyosis mimicking adenocarcinoma in a postmenopausal woman. J Clin Ultrasound. 1988;16(7):519–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lockyer C. Fibroids and allied tumours (Myoma and Adenomyoma). Their pathology, clinical features and surgical treatment. London: MacMillan and Co; 1918.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Long X, Jiang P, et al. Evaluation of novel serum biomarkers and the proteomic differences of endometriosis and adenomyosis using MALDI-TOF-MS. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;288(1):201–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Luciano DE, Exacoustos C, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound in diagnosis of adenomyosis: histologic correlation with ultrasound targeted biopsies of the uterus. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2013;20(6):803–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lundberg S, Wramsby H, et al. Radionuclide hysterosalpingography does not distinguish between fertile women, before tubal sterilization, and infertile women. Hum Reprod. 1997;12(2):275–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Lundberg S, Wramsby H, et al. Radionuclide hysterosalpingography is not predictive in the diagnosis of infertility. Fertil Steril. 1998;69(2):216–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Maheshwari A, Gurunath S, et al. Adenomyosis and subfertility: a systematic review of prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and fertility outcomes. Hum Reprod Update. 2012;18(4):374–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Mark AS, Hricak H, et al. Adenomyosis and leiomyoma: differential diagnosis with MR imaging. Radiology. 1987;163(2):527–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Martinez-Conejero JA, Morgan M, et al. Adenomyosis does not affect implantation, but is associated with miscarriage in patients undergoing oocyte donation. Fertil Steril. 2011;96(4):943–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Masahashi T, Matsuzawa K, et al. Serum CA 125 levels in patients with endometriosis: changes in CA 125 levels during menstruation. Obstet Gynecol. 1988;72(3 Pt 1):328–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Maubon A, Faury A, et al. Uterine junctional zone at magnetic resonance imaging: a predictor of in vitro fertilization implantation failure. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2010;36(3):611–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. McCausland AM. Hysteroscopic myometrial biopsy: its use in diagnosing adenomyosis and its clinical application. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166(6 Pt 1):1619–26; discussion 1626–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. McCausland AM, McCausland VM. Depth of endometrial penetration in adenomyosis helps determine outcome of rollerball ablation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174(6):1786–93; 1793–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. McCausland V, McCausland A. The response of adenomyosis to endometrial ablation/resection. Hum Reprod Update. 1998;4(4):350–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. McCluggage WG, Desai V, et al. Tamoxifen-associated postmenopausal adenomyosis exhibits stromal fibrosis, glandular dilatation and epithelial metaplasias. Histopathology. 2000;37(4):340–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Mehasseb MK, Bell SC, et al. Phenotypic characterisation of the inner and outer myometrium in normal and adenomyotic uteri. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2011;71(4):217–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Meredith SM, Sanchez-Ramos L, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography for the diagnosis of adenomyosis: systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(1):107 e1–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Meyer R. Ältere und neuere Gesichtspunkte über die Adenomyohyperplasia (adenomyosis) und die extragenitale Fibroadenomatosis. Zentralbl. Gynäk. 1925: 49;1170.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Mijatovic V, Florijn E, et al. Adenomyosis has no adverse effects on IVF/ICSI outcomes in women with endometriosis treated with long-term pituitary down-regulation before IVF/ICSI. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;151(1):62–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Mol BW, Bayram N, et al. The performance of CA-125 measurement in the detection of endometriosis: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 1998;70(6):1101–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Molitor JJ. Adenomyosis: a clinical and pathological appraisal. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971;110(2):275–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Munro MG, Critchley HO, et al. FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2011;113(1):3–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Naftalin J, Hoo W, et al. Is adenomyosis associated with menorrhagia? Hum Reprod. 2014;29(3):473–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Naftalin J, Hoo W, et al. How common is adenomyosis? A prospective study of prevalence using transvaginal ultrasound in a gynaecology clinic. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(12):3432–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Nikolaou M, Kourea HP, et al. Spontaneous uterine rupture in a primigravid woman in the early third trimester attributed to adenomyosis: a case report and review of the literature. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2013;39(3):727–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Novak E, De Lima OA. A correlative study of adenomyosis and pelvic endometriosis, with special reference to the hormonal reaction of ectopic endometrium. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1948;56(4):634–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Novak ER, Woodruff JD. Novak’s Gynecologic and obstetric pathology: with clinical and endocrine relations. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Owolabi TO, Strickler RC. Adenomyosis: a neglected diagnosis. Obstet Gynecol. 1977;50(4):424–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Ozkan ZS, Kumbak B, et al. Coexistence of adenomyosis in women operated for benign gynecological diseases. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2011;28(3):212–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Ozkan ZS, Kumbak B, et al. Coexistence of adenomyosis in women operated for benign gynecological diseases. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2012;28(3):212–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Panganamamula UR, Harmanli OH, et al. Is prior uterine surgery a risk factor for adenomyosis? Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104(5 Pt 1):1034–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Parazzini F, Vercellini P, et al. Risk factors for adenomyosis. Hum Reprod. 1997;12(6):1275–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Reinhold C, Atri M, et al. Diffuse uterine adenomyosis: morphologic criteria and diagnostic accuracy of endovaginal sonography. Radiology. 1995;197(3):609–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Reinhold C, McCarthy S, et al. Diffuse adenomyosis: comparison of endovaginal US and MR imaging with histopathologic correlation. Radiology. 1996;199(1):151–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Salim R, Riris S, et al. Adenomyosis reduces pregnancy rates in infertile women undergoing IVF. Reprod Biomed Online. 2012;25(3):273–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Salker MS, Nautiyal J, et al. Disordered IL-33/ST2 activation in decidualizing stromal cells prolongs uterine receptivity in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Sammour A, Pirwany I, et al. Correlations between extent and spread of adenomyosis and clinical symptoms. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2002;54(4):213–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Sandberg EC, Cohn F. Adenomyosis in the gravid uterus at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1962;84:1457–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Seidman JD, Kjerulff KH. Pathologic findings from the Maryland Women’s Health Study: practice patterns in the diagnosis of adenomyosis. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1996;15(3):217–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Shaikh H, Khan KS. Adenomyosis in Pakistani women: four year experience at the Aga Khan University Medical Centre, Karachi. J Clin Pathol. 1990;43(10):817–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Shitano F, Kido A, et al. Decidualized adenomyosis during pregnancy and post delivery: three cases of magnetic resonance imaging findings. Abdom Imaging. 2013;38(4):851–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Somigliana E, Vigano P, et al. Use of the concomitant serum dosage of CA 125, CA 19-9 and interleukin-6 to detect the presence of endometriosis. Results from a series of reproductive age women undergoing laparoscopic surgery for benign gynaecological conditions. Hum Reprod. 2004;19(8):1871–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Takahashi K, Kijima S, et al. Differential diagnosis between leiomyomata uteri and adenomyosis using CA 125 as a new tumor marker of ovarian carcinoma. Nihon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 1985;37(4):591–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Takahashi K, Nagata H, et al. Clinical usefulness of determination of CA 125 levels in the serum and menstrual blood. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1988;26(1):63–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Taran FA, Weaver AL, et al. Understanding cellular leiomyomas: a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(2):109 e1–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Templeman C, Marshall SF, et al. Adenomyosis and endometriosis in the California Teachers Study. Fertil Steril. 2008;90(2):415–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Thalluri V, Tremellen KP. Ultrasound diagnosed adenomyosis has a negative impact on successful implantation following GnRH antagonist IVF treatment. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(12):3487–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Tocci A, Greco E, et al. Adenomyosis and ‘endometrial-subendometrial myometrium unit disruption disease’ are two different entities. Reprod Biomed Online. 2008;17(2):281–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Tremellen KP, Russell P. The distribution of immune cells and macrophages in the endometrium of women with recurrent reproductive failure. II: adenomyosis and macrophages. J Reprod Immunol. 2012;93(1):58–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Uduwela AS, Perera MA, et al. Endometrial-myometrial interface: relationship to adenomyosis and changes in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2000;55(6):390–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Ugwumadu AH, Bower D, et al. Tamoxifen induced adenomyosis and adenomyomatous endometrial polyp. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;100(4):386–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Ukita S, Koshiyama M, et al. Total uterine rupture during pregnancy after an adenomyomectomy. Am J Case Rep. 2011;12:106–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Vavilis D, Agorastos T, et al. Adenomyosis at hysterectomy: prevalence and relationship to operative findings and reproductive and menstrual factors. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1997;24(1):36–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Vercellini P, Cortesi I, et al. Transvaginal ultrasonography versus uterine needle biopsy in the diagnosis of diffuse adenomyosis. Hum Reprod. 1998;13(1O):2884–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Vercellini P, Parazzini F, et al. Adenomyosis at hysterectomy: a study on frequency distribution and patient characteristics. Hum Reprod. 1995;10(5):1160–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Vercellini P, Vigano P, et al. Adenomyosis: epidemiological factors. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2006;20(4):465–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Verguts J, Ameye L, et al. Normative data for uterine size according to age and gravidity and possible role of the classical golden ratio. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013;42(6):713–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Vila-Vives JM, Martínez-Conejero JA, Pellicer A. Effect of adenomyosis on implantation. Reproductive BioMedicine Online. 2012;24(5):584.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Wang PH, Pang YP, et al. Delayed postpartum hemorrhage in adenomyosis: a case report. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1998;61(8):492–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Wanggren K, Wramsby H, et al. Radionuclide hysterosalpingography is not a reliable tool for investigation of fallopian tube transport–a controlled randomized study using particles of two sizes during three different parts of the menstrual cycle. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2011;72(1):20–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Weiss G, Maseelall P, et al. Adenomyosis a variant, not a disease? Evidence from hysterectomized menopausal women in the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Fertil Steril. 2009;91(1):201–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Xiaoyu L, Weiyuan Z, et al. Comparative serum proteomic analysis of adenomyosis using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation technique. Fertil Steril. 2013;100(2):505–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Zaloudek C, Hendrickson MR. Mesenchymal tumors of the uterus. In: Kurman RJ, editor. Blaustein’s pathology of the female genital tract. New York/Berlin: Springer; 2002. p. 561–616.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Zangos S, Kissler S, et al. Uterine adenomyosis in infertile patients: MR imaging findings and clinical conclusions. Rofo. 2004;176(11):1641–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marwan Habiba PhD, PhD, FRCOG .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Habiba, M., Benagiano, G. (2016). The Incidence and Clinical Significance of Adenomyosis. In: Habiba, M., Benagiano, G. (eds) Uterine Adenomyosis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13012-5_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13012-5_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-13011-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-13012-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics