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Geomorphological Features of the Manengouba Volcano (Cameroon Line): Assets for Geotourism and Other Anthropogenic Activities

Caractéristiques géomorphologiques du volcan Manengouba (ligne du Cameroun): Atout pour le géotourisme et autres activités anthropiques

الخصائص الجيومورفولوجية لبركان مانينكوبا (خط الكاميرون): رصيد للجيوسياحة وأنشطة بشرية أخرى

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From Geoheritage to Geoparks

Part of the book series: Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism ((GGAG))

Abstract

Mount Manengouba, a volcanic complex emplaced between 1.5 and 0 Myr, occurs in the Cameroon Line, about 120 km NE of Mount Cameroon, Cameroon. Mount Manengouba culminates at 2,411 m and is characterized by important geomorphological features (geomorphosites), namely, two nested sub-circular calderas (Elengoum and Eboga), broken cones, crater lakes (Female, Male and Beme), and domes and basin (Djeu-Seh). These geomorphosites constitute an asset for geotourism and other anthropogenic activities. The scientific values (rareness, representativeness, integrity…) and additional values (aestheitic, ecological, economic…) Mount Manengouba geomorphosites constitute an enterprise for geotourism. The fertility of the soil favours farming in the downslope areas of the volcano, with the main products being coffee, maize, bananas, fruit and tubers. Hunting and fishing are practiced by craftsmen throughout the year in the forests and Female Lake, respectively. Vegetation cover fosters the practice of animal breeding (beef and sheep) in both calderas and their vicinities. The presence of pyroclastic cones are utilised for quarrying in the region. Pozzolana is the main product that is used as road aggregates, and in the manufacture of concrete, bond-stones and cement. Excursions and research programs are carried out by universities for educating the public about the geological and geomorphological heritage of Mount Manengouba. Currently, in the Mount Manengouba region, tourism is not well developed, but it is recommended that, roads be improved to facilitate the accessibility to the geomorphosites, and interpretative panels, guide books and postcards be produced to inform tourists about the geology of the region.

Résumé

Le Mont Manengouba est un complexe volcanique qui s’est mis en place entre 1,5 et 0 Ma, le long de la Ligne du Cameroun, à environ 120 km au NE du Mont Cameroun (Cameroun). Le Mont Manengouba culmine à 2,411 m et se caractérise par d’importants géomorphosites, à savoir, deux caldeiras sub-circulaires emboitées (Elengoum et Eboga), des cônes égueulés, des lacs de cratère (Femme, Homme et Beme), et des dômes et bassin (Djeu - Seh). Ces géomorphosites constituent un atout pour le géotourisme et d’autres activités anthropiques. Leurs valeurs scientifiques (rareté, représentativité, intégrité…) et additionnelles (esthétique, écologique, économique…), confèrent au Mont Manengouba une entreprise pour le géotourisme. La fertilité du sol favorise l’agriculture au piedmont du volcan dont les produits principaux sont le café, le maïs, la banane, les fruits et les tubercules. La chasse et la pêche sont pratiquées toute l’année par les paysans; respectivement dans les forêts et le lac de la Femme. Le couvert végétal favorise la pratique de l’élevage dans les deux caldeiras et leurs environs. La présence de nombreux cônes pyroclastiques donne lieu à l’ouverture de carrières dans la région. Les pouzzolanes, produits principaux, sont utilisés dans les revêtements routiers et dans la fabrication du mortier, des parpaings et du ciment. Les excursions et les programmes de recherche sont exécutés par les universités dans l’optique d’éduquer le public sur le patrimoine géologique et géomorphologique du mont Manengouba. Comme le tourisme n’est pas bien développé dans le Mont Manengouba, il est recommandé d’améliorer les infrastructures routières pour une bonne accessibilité aux géomorphosites, de produire les panneaux interprétatifs, des documents et des cartes postales pour informer les touristes sur la géologie de la région.

ملخص

جبل مانينكوبا هو مجمع بركاني تكون ما بين مليون ونصف سنة إلى الوقت الحالي، على طول خط الكاميرون، وعلى بعد حوالي 120 كلم شمال شرق جبل الكاميرون (الكاميرون). يبلغ علو جبل مانينكوبا 2411 مترا، ويتميز بخصائص جيومورفولوجية هامة، وهي اثنتين من الـكالديرا شبه دائرية ومتداخلة، مخاريط مكسورة، بحيرات فوهة البركان، القباب والحوض (دجو – سه). تشكل هذه المواقع الجيومورفولوجية رصيدا للجيوسياحة وأنشطة بشرية أخرى. فجودتها العلمية والجمالية وطابعها الاستثنائي يجعل من جبل مانينكوبا مُنْشَأَةٌ للجيوسياحة. تشجع خصوبة التربة الزراعة بسفوح البركان، ومن منتجاتها الرئيسية هناك القهوة، والذرة، والموز، والفواكه والدرنات. ويُمَارَسُ القنص وصيد الأسماك على مدار السنة من قِبَلِ الفلاحين، على التوالي بالغابات وببحيرة المرأة. الغطاء النباتي يشجع على ممارسة تربية المواشي بالكالديرتين والمناطق المحيطة بها. إن وجود العديد من مخاريط بيروكلاستية يؤدي إلى فتح مقالع بالمنطقة. ويستخدم البوزولانا، المنتوج الرئيسي، في الطرقات وتصنيع الكتل الخرسانية والاسمنت. يتم تنظيم الرحلات وبرامج البحث من قِبَلِ الجامعات بهدف تثقيف الجمهور حول التراث الجيولوجي والجيومورفولوجي لجبل مانينكوبا. وبما أن السياحة ليست متطورة بجبل مانينكوبا، فإنه ينصح بتحسين البنية التحتية للوصول بشكل أفضل إلى المواقع الجيومورفولوجية، وانتاج لوحات تفسيرية ووثائق وبطاقات بريدية لإرشاد السياح حول جيولوجية الموقع.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to, the Head of Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Dschang for their agreement to carry out this work, Kagou Dongmo for his technical assistance, the International Association of Geomorphologists and the University of Lausanne for having supported their attendance to the Intensive Course on Alpine Geomorphosites in Lausanne-Hérens valley (Switzerland) and Prof. José Brilha for having provided us with documents that helped them to improve the quality of this work, They also thank the Bororo, Mbat and Bangem populations for their hospitality during their field surveys. Moreover, the authors acknowledge all reviewers for their thoughtful suggestions and comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 814, Maroua, Cameroon

    G. T. Zangmo

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon

    G. T. Zangmo, A. D. Kagou & D. G. Nkouathio

  3. Laboratory of Geology, High Teacher Training School, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon

    P. Wandji

  4. Department of Life and Earth Science, High Teacher Training College, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 55, Maroua, Cameroon

    M. D. Gounté

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  1. G. T. Zangmo
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Correspondence to G. T. Zangmo .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Geology Department, Chouaib Doukkali University Faculty of Sciences, El Jadida, Morocco

    Ezzoura Errami

  2. Geological Society of Australia, National Convenor Geological Heritage, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Margaret Brocx

  3. V & C Semeniuk Research Group, Warwick, West Australia, Australia

    Vic Semeniuk

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Zangmo, G.T., Kagou, A.D., Nkouathio, D.G., Wandji, P., Gounté, M.D. (2015). Geomorphological Features of the Manengouba Volcano (Cameroon Line): Assets for Geotourism and Other Anthropogenic Activities. In: Errami, E., Brocx, M., Semeniuk, V. (eds) From Geoheritage to Geoparks. Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10708-0_13

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