Abstract
One decade after the Augmented Cognition concept validation experiments, the field may have passed the hype phases of inflated expectations and disillusionment but seems to have lost traction before reaching the maturity necessary for broad acceptance and widespread application. The authors suggest that the engineering-driven approach to the field’s challenges may have been necessary in the beginning but should be complemented by looking into implications from the social sciences. The goal of this paper is to raise awareness for the field of (social) system theory by taking two steps back: One to revisit the foundational concepts of AugCog from an alternative perspective, another to illustrate the relevance and importance of social systems principles to the AugCog field. We outline practical implications that (social) system theory holds for the design of adaptation management and conclude our review by suggesting that an approach to human-system cooperation may be able to address the challenges.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
References
Barker, R.A., Edwards, R.E.: The Boeing Team Fundamentals of Augmented Cognition. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (Augmented Cognition International) (2005)
Whitlow, S.D., Ververs, P.M., Buchwald, B., Pratt, J.: Scheduling Communications with an Adaptive System Driven by Real-Time Assessment of Cognitive State. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (Augmented Cognition International) (2005)
Jones, D., Hale, K., Dechmerowski, S.: Creating Adaptive Emotional Experience During VE Training. Proceedings of I/ITSEC 2012, 1–10 (2012)
Dong, Y., Hu, Z., Uchimura, K., Murayama, N.: Driver inattention monitoring system for intelligent vehicles: A review. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 12(2), 596–614 (2011)
Gartner Inc. (n.d.). Hype Cycles, http://www.gartner.com/technology/research/methodologies/hype-cycle.jsp (retrieved February 28, 2014)
Licklider, J.C.R.: Man-Computer Symbiosis. IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics HFE-1(1), 4–11 (1960)
Kruse, A.A., Schmorrow, D.D.: Session Overview: Foundations of Augmented Cognition. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (Augmented Cognition International) (2005)
Schmorrow, D., Stanney, K.M., Wilson, G., Young, P.: Augmented cognition in human- system interaction. In: Salvendy, G. (ed.) Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 3rd edn., pp. 1364–1384. Wiley, New York (2005)
Banks, S.B., Lizza, C.S.: Pilot’s Associate: a cooperative, knowledge-based system application. IEEE Expert 6(3), 18–29 (1991)
Flemisch, F.O., Onken, R.: The Search for Pilot’s Ideal Complement, Experimental Results with the Crew Assistant Military Aircraft CAMA, HCI International, Munich (1999)
Schmorrow, D., McBride, D.: Introduction. Special issue on Augmented Cognition. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 17(2), 127–130 (2004)
Scerbo, M.W.: Adaptive automation. In: Karwowski, W. (ed.) International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, pp. 1077–1079. Taylor and Francis, London (2001)
Wilson, G.F., Schlegel, R.E. (eds.): Operator Functional State Assessment, NATO RTO Publication RTO-TR-HFM-104. NATO Research and Technology Organization. Neuilly sur Seine, France (2004)
Endsley, M.R., Kiris, E.O.: The Out-of-the-Loop Performance Problem and Level of Control in Automation. Human Factors 37(2), 381–394 (1995)
Forsythe, C.: Context Modeling for Augmented Cognition. In: Foundations of Augmented Cognition, pp. 546–547. Lawrence Erlbaum, New York (2005)
Belyavin, A., Ryder, C.: Context modeling as an aid to the management of operator state. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (Augmented Cognition International) (2005)
Fuchs, S., Hale, K.S., Stanney, K.M., Berka, C., Levendowski, D., Juhnke, J.: Physiological Sensors Cannot Effectively Drive System Mitigation Alone. In: Schmorrow, D.D., Stanney, K.M., Reeves, L.M. (eds.) Foundations of Augmented Cognition, 2nd edn., pp. 193–200. Strategic Analysis, Inc., Arlington (2006)
Fuchs, S., Hale, K.S., Berka, C., Juhnke, J.: A mitigation framework for enhancing situation awareness. In: Stanney, K.M., Schmorrow, D.D. (eds.) Augmented Cognition: A Practitioner’s Guide. HFES, Santa Monica (2008)
Fuchs, S., Hale, K.S., Stanney, K.M., Juhnke, J., Schmorrow, D.D.: Enhancing Mitigation in Augmented Cognition. Journal of Cognitive Engineering & Decision Making 1(3), 309–326 (2007)
Veltman, H.J.A., Jansen, C.: The adaptive operator. In: Vincenzi, D.A., Mouloua, M., Hancock, P.A. (eds.) Human Performance, Situation Awareness, and Automation: Current Research and Trends, vol. II, pp. 7–10. Erlbaum, Mahwah (2004)
Sciarini, L.W., Nicholson, D.: Assessing cognitive state with multiple physiological measures: A modular approach. In: Schmorrow, D.D., Estabrooke, I.V., Grootjen, M. (eds.) FAC 2009. LNCS, vol. 5638, pp. 533–542. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Feigh, K.M., Dorneich, M.C., Hayes, C.C.: Toward a Characterization of Adaptive Systems: A Framework for Researchers and System Designers. Human Factors 54(6), 1008–1024 (2012)
Rammert, W., Schulz-Schaeffer, I.: Technik und Handeln – Wenn soziales Handeln sich auf menschliches Verhalten und technische Abläufe verteilt. In: Rammert, W., Schulz-Schaeffer, I. (eds.) Können Maschinen handeln? Soziologische Beiträge zum Verhältnis von Mensch und Technik, Campus, Frankfurt/M (2002)
Bertalanffy, L.: General System Theory – Foundations, Development, Applications. Braziller, New York (1969)
Simmel, G.: Philosophie des Geldes. Verlag von Duncker & Humbolt, Leipzig (1900)
Luhmann, N.: Ökologische Kommunikation. Kann die moderne Gesellschaft sich auf ökologische Gefährdungen einstellen? VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden (1986)
Arciszewski, H.F.R., Greef, T.E., de, D.J.H.: van: Adaptive Automation in a Naval Combat Management System. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 39(6), 1188–1199 (2009)
Parsons, T.: The social system. Free Press, Glencoe (1951)
Parsons, T.: The structure of social action. Free Press, New York (1968)
Dahrendorf, R.G.: Gesellschaft und Freiheit. Zur soziologischen Analyse der Gegenwart. Piper, Munich (1961)
Luhmann, N.: Soziale Systeme. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/M (1984)
Flemisch, F., Schindler, J., Kelsch, J., Schieben, A., Damböck, D.: Some Bridging Methods towards a Balanced Design of Human-Machine Systems. In: Applied Ergonomics International Conference, Las Vegas, USA (2008)
Willke, H.: Komplexität als Formprinzip. In: Baecker, D. (ed.) Schlüsselwerke der Systemtheorie, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden (2005)
Ashby, W.R.: Requisite Variety and its implications for the control of complex systems. Cybernetica 1, 83–99 (1958)
Pask, G.: An approach to cybernetics. Harper & Brothers, New York (1961)
Flemisch, F., Bengler, K., Bubb, H., Winner, H., Bruder, R.: Towards a Cooperative Guidance and Control of Highly Automated Vehicles: H-Mode and Conduct-by-Wire; Ergonomics Special Issue, Beyond Human Centered Automation (2014)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Fuchs, S., Schwarz, J., Flemisch, F.O. (2014). Two Steps Back for One Step Forward: Revisiting Augmented Cognition Principles from a Perspective of (Social) System Theory. In: Schmorrow, D.D., Fidopiastis, C.M. (eds) Foundations of Augmented Cognition. Advancing Human Performance and Decision-Making through Adaptive Systems. AC 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 8534. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07527-3_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07527-3_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-07526-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-07527-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)