Abstract
For centuries, mapping activity has been carried out by experts, in particular for military purposes or land administration, infrastructure planning, and environmental monitoring. It was only within the last decade that technological innovations in computer science, positioning, and navigation devices have facilitated citizens direct involvement in urban mapping. In particular, crowdsourced mapping shows potentials for urban and participatory planning. It allows people to create and share geographical information with few costs and expertise. Real-time data collection can have different aims: thematic map creation, collective story-telling, or social empowerment and counter-geography. Some critical points still exist. However, virtual maps can be considered alternative tools to enhance civic participation and to identify spatial and social opportunities for urban transformation.
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Notes
- 1.
“The term ‘Web 2.0’ (2004–present) is commonly associated with web applications that facilitate interactive information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design, and collaboration on the World Wide Web.” (Batty et al. 2010).
- 2.
The experiences presented in the paper are maps that use existing accessible geographic representations, like GoogleMap or OpenStreetMap, and customize them adding new contents via GPS or mobile phones connected to Internet.
- 3.
The term, coined in 2006 on Wired magazine, refers to a form of user’s engagement and interaction that exploits what Surowiecki calls The Wisdom of Crowds in his book of the same name (2004). “Crowdsourcing operationalizes crowd wisdom, and it is a mechanism for leveraging the collective intelligence of online users toward productive ends” (Bradham 2009, p. 10).
- 4.
Crowdfunding is a collaborative process in which people can support organizations and projects with their own money. The main principles of crowdfunding can be found in Falossi’s Kapipalist Manifesto (from the name of the website Kapipal). Crowdfunding web platforms facilitate the encounter of demand and offer around projects’ fund raising. They can treat several domains or focus on a specific thematic. “Equity-based” crowdfunding has recently been regulated in the United States (Wikipedia source).
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Mattioli, C. (2014). Crowd Sourced Maps: Cognitive Instruments for Urban Planning and Tools to Enhance Citizens’ Participation. In: Contin, A., Paolini, P., Salerno, R. (eds) Innovative Technologies in Urban Mapping. Sxi — Springer per l’Innovazione / Sxi — Springer for Innovation, vol 10. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03798-1_13
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