Abstract
Cytokines are proteins produced by cells in response to a variety of stimuli: they are released by their producer cells and act upon receptors on target cells. Cytokines may be produced by more than one cell type and in a number of tissues and may work in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner. All cytokines are small proteins (typically 5-30 kDa), some are glycoproteins, and some are synthesised as larger precursors which are cleaved to give the active molecule. As expected of agents that have a number of regulatory roles, cytokines are rarely produced at a constant rate but rather their production is induced (or suppressed) by specific stimuli to which the organism needs to respond. The lifetimes of cytokines are generally short and their destruction/clearance is usually a regulated process. Cytokines have essential roles in the control of cell proliferation, during embryonic development and in later life, and they are involved in regulating the immune response to foreign antigens on invading organisms. Essential processes such as cellular renewal and wound healing, the development of cellular and humoral immunity, and inflammatory responses all require participation of a range of cytokines. It is not surprising, therefore, that many diseases and conditions involving disruption of these processes are associated with altered regulation of cytokine production and action.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Henderson B, Poole S (1994) Modulation of cytokine function: therapeutic applications In: August JT, Anders MW, Murad F (eds):Advances in PharmacologyVol 25. Academic Press, London, 53–115
Ferreira SH, Lorenzetti BB, Bristow AF, Poole S (1988) Interleukin-1beta as a potent hyperalgesic agent antagonized by a tripeptide analogue.Nature334: 698–700
Schweizer A, Feige U, Fontana A, Muller K, Dinarello CA (1988) Interleukin-1 enhances pain reflexes. Mediation through increased prostaglandin E2 levels.Agents Actions25: 246–251
Follenfant RL, Nakamura-Craig M, Henderson B, Higgs GA (1989) Inhibition by neu-ropeptides of interleukin-1beta-induced, prostaglandin-independent hyperalgesia.Br J Pharmacol98: 41–43
Ferreira SH, Lorenzetti BB, Correa FMA (1978) Central and peripheral antialgesicactions of aspirin-like drugs.Eur J Pharmacol53: 39–49
McMahon SB, Koltzenburg M (1990) Novel classes of nociceptors: beyond Sherrington.TINS13: 199
Ferreira SH (1990) A classification of peripheral analgesics based upon their mode of action. In: Sandler M, Collins GM (eds):Migraine: Spectrum of ideas.Oxford University Press, Oxford, 59–72
Moncada S, Ferreira SH, Vane JR (1975) Inhibition of prostaglandins biosynthesis as the mechanism of analgesia of aspirin-like drugs in the dog knee joint.Eur J Pharmacol31: 250–260
Ferreira SH, Nakamura M, Castro MSA (1978) The hyperalgesic effects of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2.Prostaglandins16: 31–37
Nakamura M, Ferreira SH (1987) A peripheral sympathetic component in inflammatory hyperalgesia.Eur J Pharmacol135: 145–153
Duarte IDG, Nakamura M, Ferreira SH (1988) Participation of the sympathetic system in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice.Brazilian J Med Biol Res21: 341–343
Coderre TJ, Abbott FV, Melzack R (1984) Effects of peripheral antisympathetic treatments in the tail-flick, formalin and autotomy tests.Pain18: 13–23
Wall PD, Gutnick M (1974) Ongoing activity in peripheral nerves: The physiology and pharmacology of impulses originating from a neuroma.Exp Neurol43: 580
Ferreira SH (1980) Are macrophages the body’s alarm cells?Agents Actions 10:229–230
Bernheim HA, Gilbert TM, Stitt JT (1980) Prostaglandin E2 levels in third ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits during fever and changes in body temperature.J Physiol(Lond) 301: 69–78
Ferreira SH (1972) Aspirin-like drugs and analgesia.Nature New Biol240: 200–203
March CJ, Moseley B, Larsen A, Cerretti DP, Braedt G, Price V, Gillis S, Henney CS, Kronheim SR, Grabstein K et al. (1985) Cloning, sequence and expression of two distinct human interleukin-1 complementary cDNAs.Nature341: 641–646
Lumpkin MD (1987) The regulation of ACTH secretion by IL-1. Science 238: 452–454
Morstyn G, Burgess AW (1988) Hemopoietic growth factors: a review.Cancer Res48: 5624–5637
Stefferl A, Hopkins SJ, Rothwell NJ, Luheshi GN (1996) The role of TNF-alpha in fever: opposing actions of human and murine TNF-alpha and interactions with IL-beta in the rat.Br J Pharmacol118: 1919–1924
Garabedian B, Poole S, Allchorne A, Winter J, Woolf CJ (1995) Interleukin-1 beta contributes to the inflammation-induced increase in nerve-growth factor levels and inflammatory hyperalgesia.Br J Pharmacol115: 1265–1275
Perkins MN, Kelly D, Davis AJ (1995) Bradykinin B1 and B2 receptor mechanisms and cytokine-induced hyperalgesia in the rat.Can J Physiol Pharmacol73: 832–836
Vane JR (1971) Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action of aspirin-like drugs.Nature231: 232–235
Dinarello CA (1994) Interleukin-1. In: August JT, Anders MW, Murad F (eds):Advances in PharmacologyVol 25. Academic Press, London, 21–51
Dinarello, CAD (1997) Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines as mediators in the pathogenesis of septic shock.Chest112 (6 Suppl): 321S–329S
Cunha FQ, Poole S, Lorenzetti BB, Ferreira SH (1991) Interleukin-8 as a mediator of sympathetic pain.Br J Pharmacol104: 765–767
Cunha FQ, Poole S, Lorenzetti BB, Ferreira SH (1992) The pivotal role of tumour necrosis factor alpha in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia.Br J Pharmacol107: 660–664
Geng Y, Blanco FJ, Cornelisson M, Lotz M (1995) Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in normal human articular chondrocytes.J Immunol155: 796–801
Burch RM, Connor JR, Axelrod J (1993) Interleukin 1 amplifies receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase A2 in 3T3 fibroblasts.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA85: 6306–6309
Dinarello CA, Cannon JG, Wolff SM, Bernheim HA, Beutler B, Cerami A, Figari IS, Palladino MA Jr, O’Connor JV (1986) Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) is an endogenous pyrogen and induces production of interleukin 1.J Exp Med163: 1433–1450
Dinarello CA, Ikejima T, Warner SJ, Orencole SF, Lonnemann G, Cannon JG, Libby P (1987) Interleukin 1 induces interleukin 1. I. Induction of circulating interleukin 1 in rabbitsin vivoand in human mononuclear cellsin vitro.J Immunol139: 1902–1910
Van Damme J, Opdenakker G, Simpson RJ, Rubira MR, Cayphas S, Vink A, Billiau A, Van Snick J (1987) Identification of the human 26-kD protein, interferon beta 2 (IFNbeta 2), as a B cell hybridoma/plasmacytoma growth factor induced by interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor.J Exp Med165: 914–919
Streiter RM, Kundel SL, Showell HJ, Remick DG, Phan SH, Ward PA, Marks RM (1989) Endothelial cell gene expression of a neutrophil chemotactic factor by TNF-a, LPS, and IL-13.Science243: 1467–1469
Schindler R, Mancilla J, Endres S, Ghorbani R, Clark SC, Dinarello CA (1990) Correlations and interactions in the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human blood mononuclear cells: IL-6 suppresses IL-1 and TNF.Blood75: 40–47
Tilg H Trehus E, Atkins MB, Dinarello CA, Mier J.W (1994) Interleukin-6 as an anti-inflammatory cytokine: induction of circulating IL-1 receptor antagonist and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor p55.Blood83: 113–118
Miller AJ, Luheshi GN, Rothwell NJ, Hopkins SJ (1997). Local cytokine induction by LPS in the rat air pouch and its relationship to the febrile response.Am J Physiol272: R857–R861
Fong Y, Tracey KJ, Moldawer LL, Hesse DG, Manogue KB, Kenney JS, Lee AT, Kuo GC, Allison AC, Lowry SF et al. (1989) Antibodies to cachectin/tumor necrosis factor reduce interleukin 1beta and interleukin 6 appearance during lethal bacteremia.J Exp Med170: 1627–1633
Gershenwald JE, Fong YM, Fahey TJ, Galvano SE, Chizzonite R, Kilian PL, Lowry SF, Moldawer LL (1990) Interleukin 1 receptor blockade attenuates the host inflammatory response.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA87: 4966–4970
Woolf CJ, Allchorne A, Garabedian BS, Poole S (1997) Cytokines, nerve growth factor and inflammatory hyperalgesia: the contribution of tumour necrosis factor alpha.Br J Pharmacol121: 417–424
Rothwell NJ (1991). Functions and mechanisms of interleukin 1 in the brain.Trends Pharmacol Sci12: 430–436
Armstrong D, Dry RML, Keele CA, Markham JW (1953) Observations on chemical excitants of cutaneous pain in man.J Physiol120: 326–351
Lim RKS, Miller DG, Guzman F, Rodgers DW, Rogers RW, Wang SK, Chao PY, Shih TY (1967) Pain and analgesia evaluated by intraperitoneal bradykinin-evoked pain method in man.Clin Pharmacol Ther8: 521–542
Sicuteri F, Franciullacci FM, Franchi G, Del Bianco PL (1965) Serotonin-bradykinin potentiation of the pain receptors in man.Life Sci4: 309–316
Ferreira SH, Lorenzetti BB, Poole S (1993) Bradykinin initiates cytokine mediated inflammatory hyperalgesia.Br J Pharmacol 110:1227–1231
Steranka LR, Dehaas CJ, Vavrek RJ, Stewart JM, Enna SJ, Snyder SH (1987) Antinociceptive effects of bradykinin antagonists.Eur J Pharmacol136: 261–262
Costello AH, Hargreaves KM (1989) Suppression of carrageenan hyperalgesia, hyperthermia and edema by a bradykinin antagonist.Eur J Pharmacol171: 259–263
Fujiyoshi T, Hayashi I, Oh-ishi S, Kuwashima M, Ilda H, Dozen M, Taniguchi N, Ikeda K, Ohnishi H (1989) Kaolin-induced pain for assessment of analgesic agents.Agents Actions27: 332–334
Chau TT, Lewin AC, Walter TL, Carlson RP, Weichman BM (1991) Evidence for a role of bradykinin in experimental pain models.Agents Actions34: 235–238
Beresford IJM, Birch PJ (1992) Antinociceptive activity of the bradykinin antagonist HOE 140 in rat and mouse.Br J Pharmacol105 (suppl): 1P–314P
Tiffany CW, Burch RM (1989) Bradykinin stimulates tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1 release from macrophages.FEBS Lett247: 189–192
Davis AJ, Perkins MN (1994) The involvement of bradykinin B1 and B2 receptor mechanisms in cytokine-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat.Br J Pharmacol113: 63–68
Dray A, Perkins M (1993) Bradykinin and inflammatory pain.Trends Neurosci16: 99–104
Steranka LR, Manning DC, Dehass CJ (1988) Bradykinin as pain mediator: receptors are localized to sensory neurons and antagonists have analgesic actions.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA85: 3245–3249
Nagy I, Pabla R, Matesz C, Dray A, Woolf CJ, Urban L (1993) Cobalt uptake enables identification of capsaicin-and bradykinin-sensitive subpopulations of rat dorsal root ganglion cellsin vitro.Neuroscience56: 241–246
Davis CL, Naeem S, Phagoo SB, Campbell EA, Urban L, Burgess GM (1996) B1 bradykinin receptors and sensory neurones.Br J Pharmacol118:1469–1476
Rothschild AM, Gascon LA (1966) Sulphuric esters of polysaccharides as activators of a bradykinin-forming system in plasma.Nature212: 1364
Damas J, Remacle-Volon G (1992) Influence of a long-acting bradykinin antagonist, Hoe 140, on some acute inflammatory reactions in the rat.Eur J Pharmacol211: 81–86
Vannier E, Miller LC, Dinarello CA (1992) Co-ordinated anti-inflammatory effects of interleukin-4: Interleukin-4 suppresses interleukin-1 production but up-regulates gene expression and synthesis of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA89: 4076–4080
Fenton MJ, Buras JA, Donelly RP (1992) IL-4 reciprocally regulates IL-1 and IL-1 receptor antagonist expression in human monocytes.J Immunol149: 1283–1288
Wright SD, Ramos RA, Tobias PS, Ulevitch RJ, Mathison JC (1990). CD14, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS binding protein.Science249: 1431–1433
Lauener RP, Goyert SM, Geha RS, Vercelli D (1990) Interleukin-4 down-regulates the expression of CD14 in normal human monocytes.Eur J Immunol20: 2375–2381
Fiorentino DF, Bond MW, Mosmann TR (1989) Two types of mouse helper T cell IV. Th2 clones secrete a factor that inhibits cytokine production by Th1 clones.J Exp Med170: 2081–2095
Zlotnik A, Moore KW (1991) Interleukin-10.Cytokine3: 366–371
Howard M, O’Garra A (1992) Biological properties of IL-10.Immunol Today13: 198–200
De Waal Malefyt R, Haanen J, Spits H, Roncarolo MG, Tevelde A, Figdor C, Johnson K, Kastelein R, Yssel H, Devries J (1991) Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and viral IL-10 strongly reduce antigen-specific human T cell proliferation by diminishing the antigen-presenting capacity of monocytes via downregulation of class II major histocompatibility complex expression.J Exp Med174: 915–925
Fiorentino DF, Zlotnik A, Mossmann TR, Howard M, O’Garra A (1991) IL-10 inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages.J Immunol147: 3815–3822
De Waal Malefyt R, Abrams J, Bennett B, Figdor CG, Devries JE (1991) Interleukin-10 (IL-10) inhibits cytokine synthesis by human monocytes: an autoregulatory role of IL-10 produced by monocytes.J Exp Med174: 1209–1220
Bogdan C, Vodovotz Y, NathanC (1991) Macrophage deactivation by interleukin-10.J Exp Med174: 1549–1555
Oswald IP, Wynn TA, Sher A, James,SL (1992) Interleukin-10 inhibits macrophage microbicidal activity by blocking the endogenous production of tumor necrosis factor alpha required as a costimulatory factor for interferon gamma-induced activation.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA89: 8676–8680
Howard M, O’Garra A, Ishida H, De Waal Malefyt R, de Vries J (1992) Biological properties of interleukin 10.J Clin Immunol12: 239–247
Poole S, Cunha FQ, Selkirk S, Lorenzetti BB, Ferreira SH (1995) Cytokine-mediated inflammatory hyperalgesia limited by interleukin-10.Br J Pharmacol115: 684–688
Mertz PM, Dewitt DL, Stelter-Stevenson G, Wahl LM (1994) Interleukin 10 suppression of monocyte prostaglandin H Synthase-2.J Biol Chem269: 21322–21329
Flower RJ, Rothwell NJ (1994) Lipocortin-1: cellular mechanisms and clinical relevance.TiPS 15:71–76
Relton JK, Strijbos PJ, O’Shaughnessy CT, Carey F, Forder RA, Tilders FJ, Rothwell NJ (1991) Lipocortin-1 is an endogenous inhibitor of ischaemic damage in the rat brain.J Exp Med174: 305–310
Perretti M, Ahluwalia A, Harris JG, Harris HJ, Wheller SK, Flower RJ (1996) Acute inflammatory response in the mouse: exacerbation by immunoneutralization of lipocortin-1.Br J Pharmacol117: 1145–1154
Perretti M, Ahluwalia A, Harris JG, Goulding NJ, Flower RJ (1993) Lipocortin-1 fragments inhibit neutrophil-dependent edema in the mouse.J Immunol151: 4306–4314
Ferreira SH, Cunha FQ, Lorenzetti, B.B., Michelin MA, Perretti M, Flower RJ, Poole S (1997) Role of lipocortin-1 in the analgesic actions of glucocorticoids.Br J Pharmacol121: 883–888
Blackwell, GJ, Carnuccio, R, Dirosa, M, Flower, RJ, Parente, L, Perisco, P (1980) Macrocortin: a polypeptide causing the anti-phospholipase effect of glucocorticoid drugs.Nature287: 147–149
Hirata F, Schiffmann E, Venkatasubamanian K, Salomon D, Axelrod J (1980) A phospholipase A2 inhibitory protein in rabbit neutrophils induced by glucocorticoids.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:2533–2536
Waage A, Bakke O (1988) Glucocorticoids suppress the production of tumour necrosis factor by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes.Immunology63: 299–302
Lew W, Oppenheim JJ, Matsushima K (1988) Analysis of the suppression of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta production in human peripheral blood mononuclear adherent cells by a glucocorticoid hormone.J Immunol140: 1895–1902
Barton BE, Jakaway JP, Smith SR, Siegel MI (1991) Cytokine inhibition by a novel steroid, mometasone furoate.Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol13: 251–261
Seitz M, Dewald B, Gerber N, Baggiolini M (1991) Enhanced production of neutrophil-activating peptide-1 interleukin-8 in rheumatoid arthritis.J Clin Invest87: 463–469
Auphan N, Didonato JA, Rosette C, Helmberg A, Karin M (1995). Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: inhibition of NF-xB activity through induction of Ix synthesis.Science270: 286–290
Scheinman RI, Gogswell PC, Lofquist AK, Baldwin Jr AS (1995) Role of transcriptional activation of 1xBa in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids.Science270: 283–286
Sterling EA, Barthelmäs R, Pfeuffer I, Schenk B, Zarius S, Swoboda R, Mercurio F, Karin M (1989) Ubiquitous and lymphocyte-specific factors are involved in the induction of the mouse interleukin-2 gene in T lymphocytes.EMBO J8: 465–473
Park J-H, Kaushansky K, Levitt L (1993) Transcriptional regulation of interleukin-3 in primary human lymphocytes.J Biol Chem268: 6299–6308
Cockerill PN, Shannon MF, Bert AG, Ryan GR, Vadas MA (1993) The granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor/interleukin-3 locus is regulated by an inducible cyclosporin A-sensitive enhancer.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA90: 2466–2470
Stein B, Baldwin AS, Ballard DW, Greene WC, Angel P, Herrlich P (1993) Cross-coupling of the NF-KB p65 and Fos-Jun transcription factors produces potentiated biological function.EMBO J12: 3879–3891
Flower RJ, Blackwell GJ (1979) Anti-inflammatory steroids induce biosynthesis of a phospholipase A2 inhibitor which prevents prostaglandin generation.Nature278 (5703): 456–459
Lorenzetti BB, Ferreira SH (1985) Mode of analgesic action of dipyrone: direct antagonism of inflammatory hyperalgesia.Eur J Pharmacol114: 375–381
Katsuki H, Nakai S, Hirai Y, Akaji K, Kiso Y, Satoh M (1990) Interleukin-1 beta inhibits long-term potentiation in the CA3 region of mouse hippocampal slices.Eur J Pharmacol181: 323–326
Hua XY, Chen P, Fox A, Myers RR (1996) Involvement of cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-induced facilitation of CGRP release from capsaicin-sensitive nerves in the trachea: studies with interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.J Neurosci16: 4742–4748
Davis AK, Perkins MN (1996) desArg9BK-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and analgesia in the rat: involvement of IL-1, prostaglandins and peripheral opioids.Br J Pharmacol Proceedings(Suppl) Dec 1996, 74P
Marceau F, Petitclerc E, Deblois D, Pradelles, Poubell PE (1991) Human interleukin-1 induces a rapid relaxation of the rabbit isolated mesenteric artery.Br J Pharmacol103: 1367–1372
Poole S, Bristow AF, Lorenzetti BB, Gaines Das RE, Smith TW, Ferreira SH, (1992). Peripheral analgesic activities of peptides related to alpha-MSH and interleukin-1 beta 193–195.Br J Pharmacol106: 489–492
Richards DB, Lipton JM (1984) Effect of alpha-MSH 11–13 (lysine-proline-valine) on fever in the rabbit.Peptides5: 815–817
Dinarello CA (1984) Interleukin-1.Rev Infect Dis6: 51–95
Hiltz ME, Lipton JM (1989) Anti-inflammatory activity of a COOH-terminal fragment of the neuropeptide a-MSH.Res Commun3: 2282–2284
Hiltz ME, Lipton JM (1990) Alpha-MSH peptides inhibit acute inflammation and contact sensitivity.Peptides11: 979–982
Deeter LB, Martin LW, Lipton JM (1989) Antipyretic properties of centrally administered alpha-MSH fragments in the rabbit.Peptides9: 1285–1288
Safieh-Garabedian B, Kanaan SA, Jalakhian RH, Poole S, Jabbur SJ, Saade NE (1997) Hyperalgesia induced by low doses of thymulin injections: possible involvement of prostaglandin E2.J Neuroimmunol1997 73: 162–168
Walker JM, Akil H, Watson SJ (1980) Evidence for homologous actions of pro-opiocortin products.Science 210:1247–1249
Ohkubo T, Shibata M, Takahashi H, Naruse S (1985) Naloxone prevents the analgesic action of alpha-MSH in mice.Experientia41: 627–628
Oluyomi AO, Poole S, Smith TW, Hart SL (1994) Antinociceptive activity of peptides related to interleukin-1 beta-(193–195), Lys-Pro-Thr.Eur J Pharmacol1994 258: 131–138
Lyson K, Ceriani G, Takashima A, Catania A, Lipton JM (1994) Binding of anti-inflammatory alpha-melanocyte-stimulating-hormone peptides and proinflammatory cytokines to receptors on melanoma cells.Neuroimmunomodulation1994: 121–126
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Basel AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Poole, S., de Queiroz Cunha, F., Ferreira, S.H. (1999). Hyperalgesia from subcutaneous cytokines. In: Watkins, L.R., Maier, S.F. (eds) Cytokines and Pain. Progress in Inflammation Research. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8749-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8749-6_4
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-9756-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-8749-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive