Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily is a large group of structurally related proteins that play various important roles during embryonic development, as well as in adult life. This superfamily in addition to TGF-βs also contains the inhibins, activins, Mullerian inhibiting substance, and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), as well as the various growth and differentiation factors (GDFs). Members of the TGF-β superfamily are highly conserved, secreted molecules whose biologically active C-terminal domains play a variety of roles in embryonic pattern formation, body plan establishment and organogenesis in numerous species fromDrosophilaand C.elegansthrough humans [1–3]. Animals and humans lacking or having mutations in various TGF-β family members exhibit a wide variety of phenotypes, ranging from early embryonic death due to lack of mesodermal development to viable, but severely compromised animals with a variety of skeletal defects, to human diseases such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva and dentinogenesis imperfecta. Among the TGF-ß family members, the BMPs form a large subgroup of proteins, which were originally named on the basis of their ability as components of demineralized bone matrix to induce ectopic bone formation. Subsequently , classical protein chemistry in conjunction with molecular biology resulted in the cloning and expression of a number of BMPs. Their extensive homology to each other, in addition to highly conserved structural features, places them in the TFG-β superfamily[4].
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Paralkar, V.M., Grasser, W.A., Baumann, A.P., Castleberry, T.A., Owen, T.A., Vukicevic, S. (2002). Prostate-derived factor and growth and differentiation factor-8: newly discovered members of the TGF-β superfamily. In: Vukicevic, S., Sampath, K.T. (eds) Bone Morphogenetic Proteins. Progress in Inflammation Research. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8121-0_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8121-0_2
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel
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