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Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Middle East: An Overview

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Liver Cancer in the Middle East

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent liver malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Several risk factors contribute to HCC development such as chronic hepatitis B (HBV)- and hepatitis C virus (HCV)–related cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. Other common liver disorders include hemochromatosis, hereditary alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, and aflatoxin hepatotoxicity.

The Middle East (M.E.) geographically is a transcontinental region that includes several countries in North Africa and Asia. The Middle East territories have unique cultural, societal, religious, economic, and ethnic diversities that influence such countries’ disease patterns. Furthermore, some countries such as Syria, Yemen, and Libya and the Palestinian territories are devastated by internal and external conflicts and political instability, which deteriorates healthcare infrastructure. Thus, the incidence, prevalence, risk factors, etiology, natural course, and fatality rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) vary widely throughout the Middle East countries. This chapter explores the epidemiology and characteristics of HCC in the Middle East in general and in specific countries not covered by other book chapters.

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Abbreviations

ALD:

Alcoholic liver disease

ASIR:

Age-standardized incidence rate

ASMR:

Age-standardized mortality rate.

H.H.:

Hereditary hemochromatosis

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer

MENA:

the Middle East and North Africa

NAFLD:

Non-alcoholic liver disease

NASH:

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

SEER:

Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database

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  1. Ain Shams Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt

    Sanaa Kamal

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  1. Translational HCC Research, Liver Transplantation Institute, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey

    Brian I. Carr

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Kamal, S. (2021). Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Middle East: An Overview. In: Carr, B.I. (eds) Liver Cancer in the Middle East. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78737-0_18

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