Abstract
In most countries of the global North, the portrayal of migrants in public discourses is strongly influenced by stereotypical representations in which gender relations play a central role. For an appropriate analysis, insights from Gender Studies and from Migration Studies need to be taken into account. Both disciplines produce critical perspectives to deconstruct gender images in the context of migrant Othering. We argue that two paradigms, namely a transnational and an intersectional perspective, are necessary to provide these critical insights. This chapter deals with the question of how intersectional and transnational perspectives can be used for the analysis of gender relations in the context of migration processes. We start this article by providing an overview over (the development of) intersectionality as one of the most broadly discussed theories/methodologies in Gender Studies. We describe variations and disputes around its conceptualisation in the context of social inequality analysis and confront/combine them in the second part with transnational migration research which is currently an important theoretical frame in Migration Studies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Migrant care givers are also found in huge numbers in hospitals, elderly homes or care centres for disabled and convalescents (Kigma, 2005).
- 2.
References
Arendt, H. (1958). The human condition. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press.
Amelina, A. (2017). Trannationalizing inequalities: Sociocultural boundaries, assemblages and regimes of intersectionion. London, England: Routledge.
Amelina, A., & Faist, T. (2012). De-naturalizing the national in research methodologies: Key concepts of transnational studies in migration. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35, 1707–1724. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2012.659273.
Amelina, A., & Lutz, H. (2019). Gender and migration: Transnational and intersectional prospects. London, England; New York, USA: Routledge.
Amelina, A., Nergiz, D., Faist, T., & Glick Schiller, N. (2012). Beyond methodological nationalism: Research methodologies for cross-border studies. London, England. Routledge.
Anthias, F. (2001). The concept of ‘social division’ and theorising social stratification: Looking at ethnicity and class. Sociology, 35, 835–854.
Anthias, F. (2012). Transnational mobilities, migration research and intersectionality: Towards a trans-locational frame. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, 2, 102–110. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10202-011-0032-y.
Anthias, F. (2020). Translocational belonging: Identities, inequalities, intersectionalities. London, England: Routledge.
Anthias, F., & Yuval Davis, N. (1992). Racialized boundaries: Race, nation, gender, colour and class and the anti-racist struggle. London, England and New York, USA. Routledge.
Aulenbacher, B., & Leiblfinger, M. (2019). The “fictitious commodity” care and the reciprocity of caring: a Polanyian and neo-institutionalist perspective on the brokering of 24-hour care. In R. Atzmüller, B. Aulenbacher, U. Brand, F. Décieux, K. Dörre, K. Fischer, & B. Sauer (Eds.), Capitalism in transformation, movements and countermovements in the 21st Century (pp. 245–260). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Baldassar, L., & Merla, L. (2014). Transnational families, migration and the circulation of care: Understanding mobility and absence in family life. London, England and New York, USA: Routledge.
Barglowski, K., Bilecen, B., & Amelina, A. (2015). Approaching transnational social protection: Methodological challenges and empirical applications. Population, Space and Place, 21, 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1935.
Benazha, A., & Lutz, H. (2019). Intersektionale Perspektiven auf die Pflege: Geschlechterverhältnisse und Migrationsprozesse. In C. Rudolph & K. Schmidt (Eds.), Interessenvertretung und Care. Voraussetzungen, Akteure und Handlungsebenen (pp. 146–160). Münster: Verlag Westfälisches Dampfboot.
Bourdieu, P. (1985). Sozialer Raum und >Klassen<: Zwei Vorlesungen. Berlin, Germany: Suhrkamp.
Brennan, K. (2004). Advances in health care organization theory. Contemporary Sociology, 33, 311–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/009430610403300325.
Bryceson, D., & Vuorela, U. (2002). Transnational families in the twenty-first century. In D. Bryceson & U. Vuorela (Eds.), The transnational family: New European frontiers and global networks (pp. 3–30). Oxford: Berg Bloomsbury.
Carling, J., Menjívar, C., & Schmalzbauer, L. (2012). Central themes in the study of transnational parenthood. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38, 191–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.646417.
Charsley, K., & Liversage, A. (2013). Transforming polygamy: Migration, transnationalism and multiple marriages among Muslim minorities. Global Networks, 13, 60–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2012.00369.x.
Collins, P. H. (1990). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. London, England: HarperCollins Academic.
Combahee River Collective. (1981). A black feminist statement. In C. Moraga & G. Azaldua (Eds.), Writings by radical women of color (pp. 210–218). New York: Kitchen Table, Women of Color Press.
Crenshaw, K. W. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. In University of Chicago Legal Forum, Feminism in the law: Theory, practice and criticism (pp. 139–168). University of Chicago Press. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf.
Crenshaw, K. W. (2011). Demarginalising the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of anti-discrimination doctrine, feminist theory and anti-racist politics. In H. Lutz, M. T. Herrera Vivar, & L. Supik (Eds.), Framing intersectionality: An introduction (pp. 25–42). Farnham: Ashgate.
De Genova, N. (2016). The European question: Migration, race, and postcoloniality in Europe. Social Text, 34, 75–102. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-3607588.
Dietze, G. (2019). Sexueller Exzeptionalismus. Bielefeld: Transcript.
Faist, T. (2000). The volume and dynamics of international migration and transnational social spaces. Oxford, England: Claredon Press.
Gamburd, M. (2000) The kitchen spoon’s handle: Transnationalism and Sri Lanka’s migrant housemaids. Ithaca, USA and London, England: Cornell University Press.
Gerhard, U. (2014). Care als sozialpolitische Herausforderung moderner Gesellschaften – Das Konzept fürsorglicher Praxis in der europäischen Geschlechterforschung. In B. Aulenbacher, B. Riegraf, & H. Theobald (Eds.), Sorge: Arbeit, Verhältnisse, Regime (pp. 69–88). Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Glick Schiller, N., Basch, L., & Szanton Blanc, C. (1995). From immigrant to transmigrant: Theorizing transnational migration. Anthropological Quarterly, 68, 48–63. https://doi.org/10.2307/3317464.
Goldring, L. (1998). The power of status in transnational social fields. In M. P. Smith & L. E. Guarnizo (Eds.), Transnationalism from below. Transaction: New Brunswick, NJ.
Hancock, P., & Tyler, M. (2007). Un/doing gender and the aesthetics of organizational performance. Gender, Work & Organization, 14, 512–533. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2007.00369.x.
Haraway, D. (1988). Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. Feminist Studies, 14, 575–599. https://doi.org/10.2307/3178066.
Hochschild, A. (2000). Global care chains and emotional surplus value. In W. Hutton & A. Giddens (Eds.), On the edge: Living with global capitalism (pp. 130–146). London: Jonathan Cape.
Hochschild, A. (2001). Globale Betreuungsketten und emotionaler Mehrwert. In W. Hutton & A. Giddens (Eds.), Die Zukunft des globalen Kapitalismus (pp. 157–176). Frankfurt am Main: Campus-Verlag.
Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. (2001). Immigrant women and paid domestic work: Research, theory, and activism. In J. R. Blau (Ed.), The Blackwell companion to sociology (pp. 423–436). Oxford: Blackwell.
Hondagneu-Sotelo, P., & Avila, E. (1997). “I’m here, but I’m there”: The meanings of Latina transnational motherhood. Gender & Society, 11, 548–571.
ILO. (2013). Domestic workers across the world: Global and Regional statistics and the extent of legal protection. Geneva: International Labour Organization. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/—publ/documents/publication/wcms_173363.pdf.
ILO. (2015). ILO global estimates on migrant workers: Results and methodology: Special focus on migrant domestic workers. Geneva: International Labour Organization. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_436343.pdf.
Kigma, M. (2005). Nurses on the move: Migration and the global health care economy. Ithaca, USA: Cronell University Press.
Korteweg, A. C., & Yurdakul, G. (2014). The headscarf debates: Conflicts of national belonging. Palo Alto, USA: Stanford University Press.
Levitts, P., & Glick Schiller, N. (2004). Conceptualizing simultaneity: A transnational social field perspective on society. International Migration Review, 38, 1002–1039. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00227.x.
Lutz, H. (2010). Unsichtbar und unproduktiv? Haushaltsarbeit und Care Work – die Rückseite der Arbeitsgesellschaft. Österreichische Zeitschrift Für Soziologie, 35, 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11614-010-0052-1.
Lutz, H. (2011). The new maids: Transnational women and the care economy. London, England: Zed Books.
Lutz, H. (2016). Intersectionality’s amazing journey: Toleration, adaptation and appropriation. Rassegna Italiana Di Sociologia, 3, 421–437. https://doi.org/10.1423/84371.
Lutz, H. (2017a). Care as a fictitious commodity: Reflections on the intersections of migration, gender and care regimes. Migration Studies, 5, 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnx046.
Lutz, H. (2017b). Euro orphans—The stigmatization of migrant motherhood. In Y. Ergas, J. Jenson, & S. Michel (Eds.), Reassembling motherhood: Procreation and care in a globalized world (pp. 247–268). New York: Columbia University Press.
Lutz, H. (2018a). Care migration: The connectivity between care chains, care circulation and transnational social inequality. A Global Sociology of Care and Care Work, Current Sociology Monograph, 66, 577–589. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392118765213.
Lutz, H. (2018b). Masculinity, care and stay-behind fathers: A post-socialist perspective. Critical Sociology, 8, 31–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920517749707.
Lutz, H. (2018c). Die Hinterbühne der Care-Arbeit. Transnationale Perspektiven auf Care-Migration im geteilten Europa. Wiesbaden: Beltz Juventa.
Lutz, H., Herrera Vivar, M. T., & Supik, L. (2011). Framing intersectionality: Debates on a multi-faceted concept in gender studies. Farnham, England: Ashgate.
Lutz, H., & Palenga-Möllenbeck, E. (2011). Care, gender and migration: Towards a theory of transnational domestic work migration in Europe. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 19, 349–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2011.610605.
Lutz, H., & Wenning, N. (2001). Unterschiedlich verschieden. Differenz in der Erziehungswissenschaft. Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer.
Mazzucato, V., & Schans, D. (2011). Transnational families and the well-being of children: Conceptual and methodological challenges. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73, 704–712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00840.x.
McCall, L. (2005). Do they know and do they care? Americans’ awareness of rising inequality. Berkeley, USA: University of California.
Michel, S., & Peng, I. (2012). All in family? Migrants, nationhood, and care regimes in Asia and North America. Journal of European Social Policy, 22, 406–418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928712449774.
Müller, B. (2016). Wert-Abjektion: zur Abwertung von Care-Arbeit im patriarchalen Kapitalismus – am Beispiel der ambulanten Pflege. Münster, Germany: Westfälisches Dampfboot.
Nieswand, B. (2011). Theorising transnational migration: The status paradox of migration. New York, USA: Routledge.
Parreñas, R. (2005). Long distance intimacy: Class, gender and intergenerational relations between mothers and children in Filipino transnational families. Global Networks, 5, 317–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2005.00122.x.
Parreñas, R. S. (2001). Servants of globalisation: Women, migration, and domestic work. Stanford, USA: Stanford University Press.
Pries, L. (2008). Rethinking transnationalism. London, England and New York, USA: Routledge.
Rossow, V., & Leiber, S. (2017). Zwischen Vermarktlichung und Europäisierung: Die wachsende Bedeutung transnational agierender Vermittlungsagenturen in der häuslichen Pflege in Deutschland. Sozialer Fortschritt, 66, 285–302. https://doi.org/10.3790/sfo.66.3-4.285.
Sciortino, G. (2004). Immigration in a mediterranean welfare state: The Italian experience in comparative perspective. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 6, 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/1387698042000273442.
Shinozaki, K. (2012). Transnational dynamics in researching migrants: Self-reflexivity and boundary-drawing in fieldwork. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35(10), 1810–1827. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2012.659275.
Stacey, J. (1991). Brave new families: Stories of domestic upheaval in twentieth century America. New York: NY: Basic Books.
Steiner, J., Schwiter, K., & Anahi, V. (2019). Unsichtbare Care-Arbeit. Transnationale Sorgenketten für Schweizer Senior*innen. GeoAgenda, 1, 14–17.
Teo, Y. (2014). Population problems, family policies, and the naturalization of differentiated deservedness. In K. M. Nasir & B. S. Turner (Eds.), The future of Singapore: Population, society and the nature of the state (pp. 64–82). London and New York: Routledge.
Villa, P. (2011). Embodiment is always more: Intersectionality, subjection and the body. In H. Lutz, M. T. Herrera Vivar, & L. Supik (Eds.), Framing Intersectionlaity: Debates on a multifaceted concept in Gender studies (pp 171–186). Farnham: Ashgate.
Von Trotha, T. (1994). Koloniale Herrschaft. Zur soziologischen Theorie der Staatsentstehung am Beispiel des “Schutzgebietes Togo”. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
Walby, S. (2009). Globalization and inequalities: Complexity and contested modernities. London: Sage.
Walby, S., et al. (2012). Intersectionality: Multiple inequalities in social theory. Sociology, 46, 224–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038511416164.
Winker, G., & Degele, N. (2009). Intersektionalität. Zur Analyse sozialer Ungleichheiten. Bielefeld: Transcript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lutz, H., Amelina, A. (2021). Intersectionality and Transnationality as Key Tools for Gender-Sensitive Migration Research. In: Mora, C., Piper, N. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Gender and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63347-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63347-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-63346-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-63347-9
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)