Abstract
Protein glycosylation is an essential covalent modification involved in protein secretion, stability, binding, folding, and activity. One or more sugars may be O-, N-, S-, or C-linked to specific amino acids by glycosyltransferases, which catalyze the transfer of these sugars from a phosphate-containing carrier molecule. Most glycosyltransferases are members of the GT-A, GT-B, or GT-C structural superfamilies. GT-C enzymes are integral membrane proteins that utilize a phospho-isoprenoid carrier for sugar transfer. To-date, two families of GT-Cs involved in protein glycosylation have been structurally characterized: the family represented by PglB, AglB, and Stt3, which catalyzes oligosaccharide transfer to Asn, and the family represented by Pmt1 and Pmt2, which catalyzes mannose transfer to Thr or Ser. This chapter reviews progress made over recent years on the structure and function of these two GT-C families.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bai L, Kovach A, You Q, Kenny A, Li H (2019) Structure of the eukaryotic protein O-mannosyltransferase Pmt1-Pmt2 complex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 26(8):704–711. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-019-0262-6
Bai L, Li H (2019) Cryo-EM is uncovering the mechanism of eukaryotic protein N-glycosylation. FEBS J 286(9):1638–1644. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.14705
Bai L, Wang T, Zhao G, Kovach A, Li H (2018) The atomic structure of a eukaryotic oligosaccharyltransferase complex. Nature 555(7696):328–333. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25755
Braunger K, Pfeffer S, Shrimal S, Gilmore R, Berninghausen O, Mandon EC, Becker T, Forster F, Beckmann R (2018) Structural basis for coupling protein transport and N-glycosylation at the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum. Science 360(6385):215–219. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar7899
Breton C, Fournel-Gigleux S, Palcic MM (2012) Recent structures, evolution and mechanisms of glycosyltransferases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 22(5):540–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2012.06.007
Chang A, Singh S, Phillips GN Jr, Thorson JS (2011) Glycosyltransferase structural biology and its role in the design of catalysts for glycosylation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22(6):800–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.04.013
Cherepanova NA, Shrimal S, Gilmore R (2014) Oxidoreductase activity is necessary for N-glycosylation of cysteine-proximal acceptor sites in glycoproteins. J Cell Biol 206(4):525–539. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201404083
Haeuptle MA, Hennet T (2009) Congenital disorders of glycosylation: an update on defects affecting the biosynthesis of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides. Hum Mutat 30(12):1628–1641. https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.21126
Helenius A, Aebi M (2004) Roles of N-linked glycans in the endoplasmic reticulum. Annu Rev Biochem 73:1019–1049. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073752
Hurtado-Guerrero R, Davies GJ (2012) Recent structural and mechanistic insights into post-translational enzymatic glycosylation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 16(5–6):479–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.10.013
Karaoglu D, Kelleher DJ, Gilmore R (1997) The highly conserved Stt3 protein is a subunit of the yeast oligosaccharyltransferase and forms a subcomplex with Ost3p and Ost4p. J Biol Chem 272(51):32513–32520. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.51.32513
Lairson LL, Henrissat B, Davies GJ, Withers SG (2008) Glycosyltransferases: structures, functions, and mechanisms. Annu Rev Biochem 77:521–555. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.76.061005.092322
Lee SS, Hong SY, Errey JC, Izumi A, Davies GJ, Davis BG (2011) Mechanistic evidence for a front-side, SNi-type reaction in a retaining glycosyltransferase. Nat Chem Biol 7(9):631–638. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.628
Liu J, Mushegian A (2003) Three monophyletic superfamilies account for the majority of the known glycosyltransferases. Protein Sci 12(7):1418–1431. https://doi.org/10.1110/ps.0302103
Lizak C, Gerber S, Numao S, Aebi M, Locher KP (2011) X-ray structure of a bacterial oligosaccharyltransferase. Nature 474(7351):350–355. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10151
Loibl M, Strahl S (2013) Protein O-mannosylation: what we have learned from baker's yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta 1833 (11):2438–2446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.02.008
Matsumoto S, Shimada A, Nyirenda J, Igura M, Kawano Y, Kohda D (2013) Crystal structures of an archaeal oligosaccharyltransferase provide insights into the catalytic cycle of N-linked protein glycosylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(44):17868–17873. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1309777110
Mueller S, Wahlander A, Selevsek N, Otto C, Ngwa EM, Poljak K, Frey AD, Aebi M, Gauss R (2015) Protein degradation corrects for imbalanced subunit stoichiometry in OST complex assembly. Mol Biol Cell 26(14):2596–2608. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E15-03-0168
Napiorkowska M, Boilevin J, Darbre T, Reymond JL, Locher KP (2018) Structure of bacterial oligosaccharyltransferase PglB bound to a reactive LLO and an inhibitory peptide. Sci Rep 8(1):16297. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34534-0
Napiorkowska M, Boilevin J, Sovdat T, Darbre T, Reymond JL, Aebi M, Locher KP (2017) Molecular basis of lipid-linked oligosaccharide recognition and processing by bacterial oligosaccharyltransferase. Nat Struct Mol Biol 24(12):1100–1106. https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.3491
Neubert P, Strahl S (2016) Protein O-mannosylation in the early secretory pathway. Curr Opin Cell Biol 41:100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2016.04.010
Nilsson IM, von Heijne G (1993) Determination of the distance between the oligosaccharyltransferase active site and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. J Biol Chem 268(8):5798–5801
Petrou VI, Herrera CM, Schultz KM, Clarke OB, Vendome J, Tomasek D, Banerjee S, Rajashankar KR, Belcher Dufrisne M, Kloss B, Kloppmann E, Rost B, Klug CS, Trent MS, Shapiro L, Mancia F (2016) Structures of aminoarabinose transferase ArnT suggest a molecular basis for lipid A glycosylation. Science 351(6273):608–612. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad1172
Pfeffer S, Dudek J, Gogala M, Schorr S, Linxweiler J, Lang S, Becker T, Beckmann R, Zimmermann R, Forster F (2014) Structure of the mammalian oligosaccharyl-transferase complex in the native ER protein translocon. Nat Commun 5:3072. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4072
Ramirez AS, Kowal J, Locher KP (2019) Cryo-electron microscopy structures of human oligosaccharyltransferase complexes OST-A and OST-B. Science 366(6471):1372–1375. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz3505
Ruiz-Canada C, Kelleher DJ, Gilmore R (2009) Cotranslational and posttranslational N-glycosylation of polypeptides by distinct mammalian OST isoforms. Cell 136(2):272–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.047
Schulz BL, Stirnimann CU, Grimshaw JP, Brozzo MS, Fritsch F, Mohorko E, Capitani G, Glockshuber R, Grutter MG, Aebi M (2009) Oxidoreductase activity of oligosaccharyltransferase subunits Ost3p and Ost6p defines site-specific glycosylation efficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(27):11061–11066. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812515106
Shrimal S, Cherepanova NA, Gilmore R (2017) DC2 and KCP2 mediate the interaction between the oligosaccharyltransferase and the ER translocon. J Cell Biol 216(11):3625–3638. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201702159
Spiro RG (2002) Protein glycosylation: nature, distribution, enzymatic formation, and disease implications of glycopeptide bonds. Glycobiology 12(4):43r–56r. https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/12.4.43r
Tan YZ, Zhang L, Rodrigues J, Zheng RB, Giacometti SI, Rosário AL, Kloss B, Dandey VP, Wei H, Brunton R, Raczkowski AM, Athayde D, Catalão MJ, Pimentel M, Clarke OB, Lowary TL, Archer M, Niederweis M, Potter CS, Carragher B, Mancia F (2019) Cryo-EM structures and regulation of arabinofuranosyltransferase AftD from Mycobacteria. bioRxiv
Wild R, Kowal J, Eyring J, Ngwa EM, Aebi M, Locher KP (2018) Structure of the yeast oligosaccharyltransferase complex gives insight into eukaryotic N-glycosylation. Science 359(6375):545–550. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar5140
Yan A, Lennarz WJ (2005) Two oligosaccharyl transferase complexes exist in yeast and associate with two different translocons. Glycobiology 15(12):1407–1415. https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwj026
Yu H, Takeuchi M, LeBarron J, Kantharia J, London E, Bakker H, Haltiwanger RS, Li H, Takeuchi H (2015) Notch-modifying xylosyltransferase structures support an SNi-like retaining mechanism. Nat Chem Biol 11(11):847–854. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1927
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bohl, H., Bai, L., Li, H. (2021). Recent Progress in Structural Studies on the GT-C Superfamily of Protein Glycosyltransferases. In: Harris, J.R., Marles-Wright, J. (eds) Macromolecular Protein Complexes III: Structure and Function. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 96. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58971-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58971-4_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-58970-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-58971-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)