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Nanoneedle-Based Materials for Intracellular Studies

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Bio-Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1295))

Abstract

Nanoneedles, defined as high aspect ratio structures with tip diameters of 5 to approximately 500 nm, are uniquely able to interface with the interior of living cells. Their nanoscale dimensions mean that they are able to penetrate the plasma membrane with minimal disruption of normal cellular functions, allowing researchers to probe the intracellular space and deliver or extract material from individual cells. In the last decade, a variety of strategies have been developed using nanoneedles, either singly or as arrays, to investigate the biology of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. These include hollow nanoneedles for soluble probe delivery, nanocapillaries for single-cell biopsy, nano-AFM for direct physical measurements of cytosolic proteins, and a wide range of fluorescent and electrochemical nanosensors for analyte detection. Nanofabrication has improved to the point that nanobiosensors can detect individual vesicles inside the cytoplasm, delineate tumor margins based on intracellular enzyme activity, and measure changes in cell metabolism almost in real time. While most of these applications are currently in the proof-of-concept stage, nanoneedle technology is poised to offer cancer biologists a powerful new set of tools for probing cells with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.

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Abbreviations

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

ANE:

Asymmetric nanopore electrodes

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BNS:

Branched nanostraws

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CTC:

Circulating tumor cell

CTSB:

Cathepsin B

DCE:

Dual carbon electrodes

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

FET:

Field-effect transistor

FIB:

Focused ion beam

FRET:

Forster resonance energy transfer

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

IP:

Immunoprecipitation

iPSC:

Induced pluripotent stem cells

LPS:

Lysophosphatidic acid

MB:

Methylene blue

MEA:

Multielectrode array

MFP:

Microfluidic probe

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

MnSOD:

Manganese superoxide dismutase

MS:

Mass spectroscopy

NES:

Nano-electrospray

NFP:

Nanofountain probe

Osbpy:

Osmium bipyridine

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

qPCR:

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction

RCA:

Rolling circle amplification

RFP:

Red fluorescent protein

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SCIM:

Scanning ion conductance microscopy

SECM:

Scanning electrochemical microscopy

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

SERS:

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

SWCNT:

Single-walled carbon nanotube

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Acknowledgements

Thanks to Stuart Higgins (Imperial College, London) for expert advice and invaluable support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK

    Julia E. Sero

  2. Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Molly M. Stevens

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  1. Julia E. Sero
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Correspondence to Molly M. Stevens .

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  1. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Flavia Fontana

  2. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Hélder A. Santos

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Sero, J.E., Stevens, M.M. (2021). Nanoneedle-Based Materials for Intracellular Studies. In: Fontana, F., Santos, H.A. (eds) Bio-Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1295. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58174-9_9

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