Skip to main content

Dialogue Games for Explaining Medication Choices

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Rules and Reasoning (RuleML+RR 2020)

Abstract

SMT solvers can be used efficiently to search for optimal paths across multiple graphs when optimising for certain resources. In the medical context, these graphs can represent treatment plans for chronic conditions where the optimal paths across all plans under consideration are the ones which minimize adverse drug interactions. The SMT solvers, however, work as a black-box model and there is a need to justify the optimal plans in a human-friendly way. We aim to fulfill this need by proposing explanatory dialogue protocols based on computational argumentation to increase the understanding and trust of humans interacting with the system. The protocols provide supporting reasons for nodes in a path and also allow counter reasons for the nodes not in the graph, highlighting any potential adverse interactions during the dialogue.

This research was conducted whilst the first author was visiting the University of St Andrews.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    For details see https://www.nice.org.uk.

  2. 2.

    For details see https://bnf.nice.org.uk/.

References

  1. Adadi, A., Berrada, M.: Peeking inside the black-box: a survey on explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). IEEE Access 6, 52138–52160 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Biran, O., Cotton, C.: Explanation and justification in machine learning: a survey. In: IJCAI-17 Workshop on Explainable AI (XAI), vol. 8 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bjørner, N., Phan, A.-D., Fleckenstein, L.: \(\nu \)Z- an optimizing SMT solver. In: Baier, C., Tinelli, C. (eds.) TACAS 2015. LNCS, vol. 9035, pp. 194–199. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46681-0_14

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Black, E., Atkinson, K.: Dialogues that account for different perspectives in collaborative argumentation. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, pp. 867–874 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bowles, J., Caminati, M.B.: An integrated approach to a combinatorial optimisation problem. In: Ahrendt, W., Tapia Tarifa, S.L. (eds.) IFM 2019. LNCS, vol. 11918, pp. 284–302. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34968-4_16

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  6. Bowles, J., Caminati, M., Cha, S., Mendoza, J.: A framework for automated conflict detection and resolution in medical guidelines. Sci. Comput. Program. 182, 42–63 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2019.07.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bowles, J.K.F., Caminati, M.B.: Balancing prescriptions with constraint solvers. In: Liò, P., Zuliani, P. (eds.) Automated Reasoning for Systems Biology and Medicine. CB, vol. 30, pp. 243–267. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17297-8_9

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  8. Caminada, M.W.A., Dvoák, W., Vesic, S.: Preferred semantics as socratic discussion. J. Log. Comput. 26(4), 1257–1292 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exu005

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Čyras, K., Oliveira, T.: Resolving conflicts in clinical guidelines using argumentation. In: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, AAMAS, vol. 3, pp. 1731–1739, February 2019

    Google Scholar 

  10. De Vries, E., Lund, K., Baker, M.: Computer-mediated epistemic dialogue: explanation and argumentation as vehicles for understanding scientific notions. J. Learn. Sci. 11(1), 63–103 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Dung, P.M.: On the acceptability of arguments and its fundamental role in nonmonotonic reasoning, logic programming and n-person games. Artif. Intell. 77(2), 321–357 (1995)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Fan, X., Toni, F.: On computing explanations in argumentation. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 2015), pp. 1496–1492. AAAI Press (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  13. García, A.J., Chesañvar, C.I., Rotstein, N.D., Simari, G.R.: Formalizing dialectical explanation support for argument-based reasoning in knowledge-based systems. Expert. Syst. Appl. 40(8), 3233–3247 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2012.12.036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hughes, L.D., McMurdo, M.E.T., Guthrie, B.: Guidelines for people not for diseases: the challenges of applying UK clinical guidelines to people with multimorbidity. Age Ageing 42(1), 62–69 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hunter, A., Williams, M.: Aggregating evidence about the positive and negative effects of treatments. Artif. Intell. Med. 56(3), 173–190 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2012.09.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kovalov, A., Bowles, J.K.F.: Avoiding medication conflicts for patients with multimorbidities. In: Ábrahám, E., Huisman, M. (eds.) IFM 2016. LNCS, vol. 9681, pp. 376–390. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33693-0_24

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  17. McBurney, P., Parsons, S.: Dialogue game protocols. In: Huget, M.-P. (ed.) Communication in Multiagent Systems. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2650, pp. 269–283. Springer, Heidelberg (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44972-0_15

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. de Moura, L., Bjørner, N.: Z3: an efficient SMT solver. In: Ramakrishnan, C.R., Rehof, J. (eds.) TACAS 2008. LNCS, vol. 4963, pp. 337–340. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78800-3_24

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. de Moura, L., Bjørner, N.: Satisfiability modulo theories: introduction and applications. Commun. ACM 54(9), 69–77 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1145/1995376.1995394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Oliveira, T., Dauphin, J., Satoh, K., Tsumoto, S., Novais, P.: Argumentation with goals for clinical decision support in multimorbidity. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems (AAMAS 2018), pp. 2031–2033 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Rivas Echeverría, F., Rivas Echeverría, C.: Application of expert systems in medicine. In: Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Artificial Intelligence Research and Development, p. 3–4. IOS Press, NLD (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Shams, Z., De Vos, M., Oren, N., Padget, J.: Normative practical reasoning via argumentation and dialogue. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1244–1250. AAAI Press (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Tjoa, E., Guan, C.: A survey on explainable artificial intelligence (XAI): towards medical XAI (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Walton, D., Krabbe, E.: Commitment in Dialogue: Basic Concepts of Interpersonal Reasoning. State University of New York Press, New York (1995)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juliana K. F. Bowles .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Shaheen, Qua., Toniolo, A., Bowles, J.K.F. (2020). Dialogue Games for Explaining Medication Choices. In: Gutiérrez-Basulto, V., Kliegr, T., Soylu, A., Giese, M., Roman, D. (eds) Rules and Reasoning. RuleML+RR 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12173. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57977-7_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57977-7_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-57976-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-57977-7

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics