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Our Microbiome: On the Challenges, Promises, and Hype

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Symbiosis: Cellular, Molecular, Medical and Evolutionary Aspects

Part of the book series: Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation ((RESULTS,volume 69))

Abstract

The microbiome field is increasingly raising interest among scientists, clinicians, biopharmaceutical entities, and the general public. Technological advances from the past two decades have enabled the rapid expansion of our ability to characterize the human microbiome in depth, highlighting its previously underappreciated role in contributing to multifactorial diseases including those with unknown etiology. Consequently, there is growing evidence that the microbiome could be utilized in medical diagnosis and patient stratification. Moreover, multiple gut microbes and their metabolic products may be bioactive, thereby serving as future potential microbiome-targeting or -associated therapeutics. Such therapies could include new generation probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantations, postbiotics, and dietary modulators. However, microbiome research has also been associated with significant limitations, technical and conceptual challenges, and, at times, “over-hyped” expectations that microbiome research will produce quick solutions to chronic and mechanistically complex human disorders. Herein, we summarize these challenges and also discuss some of the realistic promises associated with microbiome research and its applicability into clinical application.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Elinav lab for fruitful discussions and apologize to those authors whose works could not be cited due to space limitations. S.F. was supported by a Sergio Lombroso Foundation fellowship. J.S. is the recipient of the Strauss Institute research fellowship. E.E. is supported by Y. and R. Ungar; the Abisch Frenkel Foundation for the Promotion of Life Sciences; the Gurwin Family Fund for Scientific Research; the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust; the Crown Endowment Fund for Immunological Research; the Else Kroener Fresenius Foundation; the estate of J. Gitlitz; the estate of L. Hershkovich; the Benoziyo Endowment Fund for the Advancement of Science; the Adelis Foundation; J. L. and V. Schwartz; A. and G. Markovitz; A. and C. Adelson; the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS); D. L. Schwarz; the V. R. Schwartz Research Fellow Chair; L. Steinberg; J. N. Halpern; A. Edelheit, and by grants funded by the European Research Council; a Marie Curie Integration grant; the German–Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; the Israel Science Foundation; the Minerva Foundation; the Rising Tide Foundation; the Helmholtz Foundation; and the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes. E.E. is a senior fellow, Canadian Institute of Advanced Research (CIFAR), and an international scholar, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation & Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI).

Conflict of Interest

Eran Elinav is a paid consultant to DayTwo and BiomX.

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  1. Sara Federici and Jotham Suez contributed equally with all other contributors.

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  1. Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

    Sara Federici, Jotham Suez & Eran Elinav

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  1. Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital and, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA

    Malgorzata Kloc

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Federici, S., Suez, J., Elinav, E. (2020). Our Microbiome: On the Challenges, Promises, and Hype. In: Kloc, M. (eds) Symbiosis: Cellular, Molecular, Medical and Evolutionary Aspects. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 69. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_20

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