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A Critical Review on Iron Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Role of Exogenous Phytoprotectants

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Plant Micronutrients

Abstract

Iron (Fe) is a heavy metal mineral element required for various diverse and vital activities of plants. It is one of the principal micronutrients of all plants. However, its threshold value in plants increases by diverse anthropogenic and natural sources, which results in the inhibition of plant growth and development. This inhibition is due to excess Fe availability, in the soil environment, leading to direct or indirect Fe toxicity. This toxicity, as well as the opposite, i.e., iron deficiency, results in disturbance of basic plant metabolism due to disruption in the rate of uptake and translocation of other essential and beneficial mineral nutrient elements. Since other key nutrients and excess Fe compete, in root rhizosphere(s), for the same membrane-localized channels and transporter proteins, one observes development of deficiency symptoms for those nutrients. The use of exogenous elicitors, such as plant growth regulators (PGRs) in the optimization of mineral nutrient status under Fe stress, has been shown not only to minimize excess Fe inside plant tissues, but also to alleviate Fe-induced toxic effects by enhancing antioxidant defense systems, biochemical reactions, and other important morpho-physiological activities in plants. In the present review, we critically discuss the effects of Fe stress (excess/deficiency) in plants. A special attention has been paid on signalling cross talk of Fe with PGRs and the crucial role played by some of the PGRs in overcoming Fe-induced adverse effects.

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Acknowledgements

Abbu Zaid is grateful to Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, and the University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, India, for financial assistance, provided as research fellowship No. BTM-2015-04-GH-7403. We thank Govindjee Govindjee (Professor Emeritus of Plant Biology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA) for reading and making suggestions to improve our chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

    Abbu Zaid, Bilal Ahmad & Hasan Jaleel

  2. Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani, Anantnag, India

    Shabir H. Wani

  3. Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Shabir H. Wani

  4. Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Mirza Hasanuzzaman

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  1. Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

    Tariq Aftab

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid Rehman Hakeem

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Zaid, A., Ahmad, B., Jaleel, H., Wani, S.H., Hasanuzzaman, M. (2020). A Critical Review on Iron Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Role of Exogenous Phytoprotectants. In: Aftab, T., Hakeem, K.R. (eds) Plant Micronutrients. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49856-6_4

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