Abstract
Medicinal plants have become of great relevance to the health care of the people, with a vast global population still relying on them. While developing the nation’s most comprehensive, multidisciplinary database on flora, fauna, metals, and minerals of traditional Materia Medica from primary texts over the period 1500 BC to 1900 AD, IMPLAD (Indian medicinal plants database) has grown into a multifaceted platform for research, education, and outreach. This has referenced searchable botanical information (botanical names and its synonyms, 200 thousands vernacular names in 32 Indian languages, distribution, threat status study, state inventories, GIS maps, plant images) and traditional knowledge (Sanskrit names, bibliography from 20 major classical texts of Indian systems of medicine Ayurveda, Ayurvedic pharmacology and pharmacopoeia data, original Sanskrit Shloka references, glossary of technical terms) of around 6500 medicinal plants of India.
This facility has been empowering people with knowledge on traditional health care and natural resources as its one of the major objectives. It focuses on innovation, designing, and developing informatics facilities for the purpose of understanding, conserving, and propagating Indian systems of medicine, bearing in mind the requirements of education, research, and application in the sector. IMPLAD has improved our current understanding of medicinal plants and traditional knowledge in India and detailed field level information on many endangered species of conservation concern.
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Acknowledgments
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ENVIS (Environmental Information system), Ministry of Environment Forest Climate Change, Govt. of India (MoEF & CC)
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UNDP-GEF (United Nations Environment Fud, Global Environmental Facility)
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National Medicinal Plant Board (NMPB) AYUSH Ministry, Govt. of India
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FRLHT (Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions). Bangalore, India
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Appendices
Appendix 3.1: Reference Text Selected for Ayurvedic Information on Plants
No | Text name | Chronology | Author | Plant name references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Charaka Samhita | 1500 BCE–200 CE | Agnivesa, CharakaDrdhabala | 12,850 |
2 | Susruta Samhita | 1500 BC–500 AD | Susruta, Nagarjuna | 9650 |
3 | Astanga Sangraha | 500 AD | Vagbhata | 20,500 |
4 | Astanga Hrdayam | 600 AD | Vagbhata | 9900 |
5 | Astanga Nighantu | 800 AD | Vagbhata | 2100 |
6 | Paryayaratnamala | 900 AD | Madhava | 1900 |
7 | Dhanvantari Nighantu | 200 AD–1000 AD | Unknown | 3250 |
8 | Chakradatta | 1075 AD | Chakrapanidatta | 12,300 |
9 | Dravyaguna Sangraha | 1075 AD | Chakrapanidatta | 320 |
10 | Madhava dravyaguna | 1250 AD | Madhava | 750 |
11 | Sarngadhara Samhita | 1300 AD | Sarngadhara | 4200 |
12 | Nighantu Sesa | 1200 AD | Hemachandra | 2950 |
13 | Siddhamantra | 1210 AD–1247 AD | Kesava | 950 |
14 | Hrdayadipaka Nighantu | 1260 AD–1271 AD | Bopadeva | 820 |
15 | Madanapala Nighantu | 1374 AD | Madanapala | 3000 |
16 | Bhavaprakasha | 1550 AD | Bhavamisra | 11,200 |
17 | Bhavaprakasha Nighantu | 1550 AD | Bhavamisra | 2600 |
18 | Raja Nighantu | 1700 AD | Naraharipanda | 7300 |
19 | Saligrama Nighantu | 1896 AD | Saligramavaisya | 4200 |
20 | Siddhabhesajamanimala | 1896 AD | Krshnaramabhatta | 620 |
Appendix 3.2: Reference Texts for Botanical Information and Correlations
The bibliographic sources for this activity included 21 books belonging to last 100 years of works by Ayurvedic experts, botanists, and pharmacognosists attempting to correlate Sanskrit names with botanical names.
No | Name of the work | Author | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pharmacognosy of Ayurvedic drugs Vol. 1, 2, 3, 10 | K.N.Iyer, A. N. Namboodiri and M.Kolammal | 19511957,1979 |
2 | La-Harita Samhita | AlixRaisom | 1974 |
3 | Astanga Hrdaya Kosha | Anonymous | 1936 |
4 | Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Vol. 1 | Ministry of Health and Family Welfare | |
5 | Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part 1 | Controller of publications | 1978 |
6 | A Dictionary of Economic Products of India | George Watt | 1889 |
7 | Indian Medicinal Plants Vol. 4 | Kirtikar and Basu | 1935 |
8 | Handbook of Medicinal Plants | P.N.V.Kurup | 1968 |
9 | A Catalog of Indian Synonyms | Moodeen Sheriff | 1988 |
10 | Single Drug Remedies | N.S.Moos | 1976 |
11 | Ganas of Vahata | N.S.Moos | 1980 |
12 | Indian Pharmaceutical Codex Vol. 1 | B.Mukherji | 1953 |
13 | Indian Materia Medica Vol. 2 | K.M.Nadkarni | 1954 |
14 | Indian Medicinal Plants Vols. 1–5 | S.RaghunathIyer | 1993–96 |
15 | Dravyagunavijnana Vols. 2 and 5 | P.V.Sharma | 1994 |
16 | Ayurvedic Drugs and Their Plant Sources | Sivarajan and I.Balachandran | 1994 |
17 | Glossary of Vegetable Drugs in Brhattrayi | Thakur Balwant Singh &Chunekar | 1972 |
18 | Nighantu Adarsha Vols. 1 and 2 | VaidyaBapalal | 1968 |
19 | Some Controversial Drugs of India | VaidyaBapalal | 1982 |
20 | Studies on Medicinal Plants in Dhanvantariya Nighantu Vol. 1 | VaidyaD.K.Kamat | 1972 |
21 | Materia Medica | Whitelaw Ainslie | 1984 |
These references represent botanical correlations of Sanskrit name, and other botanical information of plants, accepted as authentic sources of information in the IMPLAD.
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Venugopalan Nair, S.N. et al. (2020). Indian Medicinal Plants Database (IMPLAD) and Threatened Medicinal Plants of India. In: Rajasekharan, P., Wani, S. (eds) Conservation and Utilization of Threatened Medicinal Plants. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39793-7_3
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