Abstract
Advancements in selective laser sintering (SLS) and electron beam melting (EBM) additive manufacturing (AM) of metals have led to reduced lead times, increased geometric freedom, and enhanced part functionality; however, SLS and EBM are plagued by relatively high capital and operational costs. With costs approximately 60–80% less than SLS or EBM, bound metal deposition (BMD) is a new AM process in which a metal powder-binder composite material is printed sequentially in layers, debound, and sintered to form a 96–99%-dense part. This work characterizes the microstructures and mechanical properties of 17-4 PH stainless steel material within a BMD process. Microstructure characterization includes scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of printed, debound, thermally debound, and as-sintered specimens, and porosity analysis of a cross section excised perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a tensile coupon. Mechanical characterization includes monotonic, quasi-static tensile data (e.g., modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and ductility) and hardness testing. This work is significant in that characterization studies are required to understand BMD process-structure-properties relations prior to realizing commercial opportunities.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Wohlers T, Campbell I, Diegel O, Kowen J (2018) Wohlers report 2018: 3D printing and additive manufacturing state of the industry annual worldwide progress report. Wohlers Associates, Fort Collins, CO
The Economist (2016) A printed smile: 3D printing is coming of age as a manufacturing technique. https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2016/04/28/a-printed-smile. Accessed 17 Apr 2019
Ngo TD, Kashani A, Imbalzano G, Nguyen KTQ, Hui D (2018) Additive manufacturing (3D printing): a review of materials, methods, applications and challenges. Compos Part B 143:172–196
Benson JM (2012) Safety consideration when handling metal powders. S Afr Inst Min Metall 12:1–13
Desktop Metal (2018) Studio system+ printer specifications. https://s3.amazonaws.com/desktopmetal/DM-0003-Studio-System-Printer-Spec-Sheet-v4.2-1.pdf. Accessed 13 Apr 2019
Desktop Metal (2019) The features of the DM test plate. http://knowledge.desktopmetal.com/hc/en-us/articles/360014551653-The-features-of-the-DM-test-plate-video-. Accessed 8 Sept 2019
KVA Stainless (2019) 17-4 stainless steel. http://www.kvastainless.com/17-4.html. Accessed 16 Apr 2019
Heaney DF (2012) Handbook of metal injection molding. Woodhead, Cambridge, UK
Campbell Q, Filiault M, Rooney K, Belding J, Ellis BD (2019) Design and manufacture of a functional 3D-printed Stirling engine: a case study involving bound metal deposition of 17-4 PH. in TechConnect Briefs. Boston, MA 2019:139–142
Desktop Metal (2019) BMD design guide Studio System+. https://knowledge.desktopmetal.com/hc/en-us/articles/360019082913-Design-guide-pdf-. Accessed 8 Sept 2019
Smith WF (1993) Structure and properties of engineering alloys, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY
Unterweiser PM, Boyer HE, Kubbs JJ (eds) (1993) Heat treater’s guide. American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH
Wu Y, German R, Blaine D, Marx B, Schlaefer C (2002) Effects of residual carbon content on sintering shrinkage, microstructure and mechanical properties of injection molded 17-4 PH stainless steel. J Mater Sci 37:3573–3583
Klar E, Samal P (2007) Powder metallurgy stainless steels: processing, microstructures, and properties. ASM International, Materials Park, OH
Desktop Metal (2018) 17-4 PH stainless steel. https://s3.amazonaws.com/desktopmetal/Studio-MDS-17-4-PH-stainless-steel.pdf. Accessed 15 Apr 2019
Machaka R (2018) Metal injection moulding of a 17-4 PH stainless steel: a comparative study of mechanical properties. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, vol 430. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/430/1/012033
Avallone EA, Baumeister T, Sadegh AM (eds) (2007) Marks’ standard handbook for mechanical engineers, 11th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY
OPTIMIM (2019) MIM-17-4 PH (as sintered). www.optimim.com/mim-17-4-ph-as-sintered. Accessed 8 Sept 2019
ASTM (2016) E8/E8M-16a standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA
ASTM (2013) ISO/ASTM 52921:2013(E) Standard terminology for additive manufacturing—coordinate systems and test methodologies. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA
Ezeakacha CP, Rabbani A, Salehi S, Ghalambor A (2018) Integrated image processing and computational techniques to characterize formation damage. In: SPE international conference and exhibition on formation damage control, https://doi.org/10.2118/189509-ms
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Keith Berube from the University of Maine for support and use of the MTS load frame; Scott Collins from the University of Maine for SEM images; Chris Harriman from Pace Technologies for cross-sectioning and images of cross-sectioned specimens; and Jigar Patel, Allison Schuster, Anna Carandang, and Peter Ho from Desktop Metal for technical support. Financial support was provided by Maine Technology Institute grant #CIP209, the University of Maine’s Advanced Manufacturing Center (AMC), and the University of Maine’s Center for Additive Manufacturing of Metals (CAMM).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
About this paper
Cite this paper
Watson, A., Belding, J., Ellis, B.D. (2020). Characterization of 17-4 PH Processed via Bound Metal Deposition (BMD). In: TMS 2020 149th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36296-6_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36296-6_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-36295-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-36296-6
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)