Skip to main content

Potentially Malignant Disorders of the Oral Cavity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Textbook of Oral Cancer

Part of the book series: Textbooks in Contemporary Dentistry ((TECD))

Abstract

A proportion of oral cancers stem from preexisting oral potentially malignant disorders. These are a group of disorders whose natural history is not clearly characterized but there is sufficient evidence that some may transform to cancer. The most common oral potentially malignant disorder is oral leukoplakia. Most of these conditions are asymptomatic and may be detected during a screening examination by a health professional. The clinical features vary and a diagnostic biopsy is performed to assess the grade of dysplasia. Several factors should be considered for stratification of their risk. The management includes interventions on risky life styles, surveillance of low risk lesions, and excision of lesions demonstrating higher grades of dysplasia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, van der Waal I. Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007;36:575–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Precancerous Lesions. Definition of leukoplakia and related lesions: an aid to studies on oral precancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1978;46:518–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Warnakulasuriya S. Clinical features and presentation of oral potentially malignant disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2018;125(6):582–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Speight PM, Khurram SA, Kujan O. Oral potentially malignant disorders: risk of progression to malignancy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2018;125(6):612–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Warnakulasuriya S, Ariyawardena A. Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia – a systematic review. J Oral Pathol Med. 2016;45(3):155–66.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Mello FW, Miguel AFP, Dutra KL, Porporatti AL, Warnakulasuriya S, Guerra ENS, Rivero ERC. Prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2018;47(7):633–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Petti S. Pooled estimate of world leukoplakia prevalence: a systematic review. Oral Oncol. 2003;39(8):770–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Axéll T, Pindborg JJ, Smith CJ, van der Waal I. Oral white lesions with special reference to precancerous and tobacco- related lesions: conclusions of an international symposium held in Uppsala, Sweden, May 18–21 1994. International Collaborative Group on Oral White Lesions. J Oral Pathol Med. 1996;25(2):49–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Nagao T, Warnakulasuriya S, Hasegawa S, et al. Elucidating risk factors for oral leukoplakia affecting gingivae in Japanese subjects. Transl Res Oral Oncol. 2016;1:1.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Cerero-Lapiedra R, Baladé-Martínez D, Moreno-López LA, Esparza-Gómez G, Bagán JV. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a proposal for diagnostic criteria. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15(6):e839–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Villa A, Menon RS, Kerr AR, De Abreu Alves F, Guollo A, Ojeda D, Woo SB. Proliferative leukoplakia: proposed new clinical diagnostic criteria. Oral Dis. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12830.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Aguirre-Urizar JM. Proliferative multifocal leukoplakia better name that proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. World J Surg Oncol. 2011;9:122.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Dilhari A, Weerasekera MM, Siriwardhana A, et al. Candida infection in oral leukoplakia: an unperceived public health problem. Acta Odontol Scand. 2016;74(7):565–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Scardina GA, Fuca G, Ruggieri A, et al. Oral candidiasis and oral hyperplastic candidiasis. Res J Biol Sci. 2007;2(4):408–12.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Shah N, Ray J, Kundu S, et al. Surgical management of chronic hyperplastic candidiasis refractory to systemic antifungal treatment. J Lab Physicians. 2017;9(2):136–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Khilan Shukla, Ida Vun, Ivan Lov, George Laparidis, Caitlin McCamley, Anura Ariyawardana. Role of Candida infection in the malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia - A systematic review of observational studies. Translational Research in Oral Oncology. 2019; 4:1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Reichart PA, Philipsen HP. Oral erythroplakia – a review. Oral Oncol. 2005;41:551–61.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Boy SC. Leukoplakia and erythroplakia of the oral mucosa – a brief overview. SADJ. 2012;67:558–60.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Suter VG, Morger R, Altermatt HJ, et al. Oral erythroplakia and erythroleukoplakia: red and red-white dysplastic lesions of the oral mucosa–Part 1: epidemiology, etiology, histopathology and differential diagnosis. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2008;118(5):390–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Al-Hashimi I, Schifter M, Lockhart PB, et al. Oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;103(Suppl):S25.e1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Pelisse M. The vulvo-vaginal-gingival syndrome. A new form of erosive lichen planus. Int J Dermatol. 1989;28(6):381–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. McParland H, Warnakulasuriya S. Oral lichenoid contact lesions to mercury and dental amalgam–a review. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012.; ID:589569; https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/589569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Van der Waal I. Oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions; a critical appraisal with emphasis on the diagnostic aspects. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009;14:E310–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. van der Meij EH, Mast H, van der Waal I. The possible premalignant character of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: a prospective five-year follow-up study of 192 patients. Oral Oncol. 2007;43:742–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Suter VG, Warnakulasuriya S. The role of patch testing in the management of oral lichenoid reactions. J Oral Pathol Med. 2016;45(1):48–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Thornhill MH, Sankar V, Xu XJ, Barrett AW, High AS, Odell EW, Speight PM, Farthing PM. The role of histopathological characteristics in distinguishing amalgam-associated oral lichenoid reactions and oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med. 2006;35(4):233–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Fitzpatrick SG, Hirsch SA, Gordon SC. The malignant transformation of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: a systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc. 2014;145:45–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Schubert MM, Correa ME. Oral graft-versus-host disease. Dent Clin N Am. 2008;52(1):79–109.. viii–ix

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Mawardi H, Elad S, Correa ME, et al. Oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: clinical presentation and treatment outcomes. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;46:884–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Burge SM, Frith PA, Millard PR, Wojnarowska F. The lupus band test in oral mucosa, conjunctiva and skin. Br J Dermatol. 1989;121(6):743–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Arvanitidou IE, Nikitakis NG, Georgaki M, Papadogeorgakis N, Tzioufas A, Sklavounou A. Multiple primary squamous cell carcinomas of the lower lip and tongue arising in discoid lupus erythematosus: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2018;125(2):e22–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Millard LG, Barker DJ. Development of squamous cell carcinoma in chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1978;3(2):161–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kerr AR, Warnakulasuriya S, Mighell AJ, Dietrich T, Nasser M, Rimal J, et al. A systematic review of medical interventions for oral submucous fibrosis and future research opportunities. Oral Dis. 2011;17(Suppl 1):42–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Zain RB, Ikeda N, Gupta PC, et al. Oral mucosal lesions associated with betel quid, areca nut and tobacco chewing habits: consensus from a workshop held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, November 25–27, 1996. J Oral Pathol Med. 1999;28(1):1–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Warnakulasuriya S. Semi-quantitative clinical description of oral submucous fibrosis. Ann Dent. 1987;46:18–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Tadakamadla J, Kumar S, Lalloo R, et al. Impact of oral potentially malignant disorders on quality of life. J Oral Pathol Med. 2018;47(1):60–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Wu MH, Luo JD, Wang WC, Chang TH, Hwang WL, Lee KH, et al. Risk analysis of malignant potential of oral verrucous hyperplasia: a follow-up study of 269 patients and copy number variation analysis. Head Neck. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.25076. [Epub ahead of print].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Zain RB, Thomas GK, Ramanathan A, Jin K, Tillakaratne WM, Tanaaka T, Warnakulasuriya S, et al. Exophytic verrucous hyperplasia of the oral cavity – application of standardized criteria for diagnosis from a consensus report. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(9):4491.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Patil S, Warnakulasuriya S, Raj T, Sanketh DS, Rao RS. Exophytic oral verrucous hyperplasia: a new entity. J Investig Clin Dent. 2016;7(4):417–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Gupta PC, Mehta FS, Daftary DK, Pindborg JJ, Bhonsle RB, Jalanwalla PN, et al. Incidence rates of oral cancer and natural history of oral precancerous lesions in a 10-year follow-up study of Indian villagers. Com Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1980;8:287–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Mercado-Ortiz G, Wilson D, Jiang DJ. Reverse smoking and palatal mucosal changes in Filipino women. Epidemiological features. Aust Dent J. 1996;41(5):300–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Gómez AGJ, Martínez AE, Gómez JR, Mosquera Silva Y, Núñez GAM, Agudelo GA, et al. Reverse smokers’s and changes in oral mucosa. Department of Sucre, Colombia. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2008;13(1):E1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Feijoo JF, Bugallo J, Limeres J, Peñarrocha D, Peñarrocha M, Diz P. Inherited epidermolysis bullosa: an update and suggested dental care considerations. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011;142(9):1017–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fine JD, Johnson LB, Weiner M, Li KP, Suchindran C. Epidermolysis bullosa and the risk of life-threatening cancers: the National EB Registry experience, 1986–2006. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60(2):203–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Wright JT. Oral manifestations in the epidermolysis bullosa spectrum. Dermatol Clin. 2010;28(1):159–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Bongiorno M, Rivard S, Hammer D, Kentosh J. Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia in a patient with dyskeratosis congenita. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2017;124(4):e239–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Handley TP, Ogden GR. Dyskeratosis congenita: oral hyperkeratosis in association with lichenoid reaction. J Oral Pathol Med. 2006;35(8):508–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Noto Z, Tomihara K, Furukawa K, Noguchi M. Dyskeratosis congenita associated with leukoplakia of the tongue. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;45(6):760–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ogden GR, Connor E, Chisholm DM. Dyskeratosis congenita: report of a case and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988;65(5):586–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Abdel-Karim A, Frezzini C, Viggor S, Davidson LE, Thornhill MH, Yeoman CM. Dyskeratosis congenita: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;108(2):e20–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Wood NH, Khammissa R, Meyerov R, Lemmer J, Feller L. Actinic cheilitis: a case report and a review of the literature. Eur J Dent. 2011;5(1):101–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. de Oliveira Ribeiro A, da Silva LC, Martins-Filho PR. Prevalence of and risk factors for actinic cheilitis in Brazilian fishermen and women. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53(11):1370–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Jadotte YT, Schwartz RA. Solar cheilosis: an ominous precursor: Part I. Diagnostic insights. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66(2):173–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Markopoulos A, Albanidou-Farmaki E, Kayavis I. Actinic cheilitis: clinical and pathologic characteristics in 65 cases. Oral Dis. 2004;10(4):212–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Dancyger A, Heard V, Huang B, Suley C, Tang D, Ariyawardana A. Malignant transformation of actinic cheilitis: a systematic review of observational studies. J Investig Clin Dent. 2018;9(4):e12343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Gale N, Pilch BZ, Sidransky D, et al. Epithelial precursor lesions. In: Barnes L, Eveson JW, Reichart PP, Sidransky D, editors. World Health Organization classification of tumours: pathology and genetics of head and neck tumours, vol. 2005. Lyon: IARC Press; 2005. p. 132.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Warnakulasuriya S, Reibel J, Bouquot J, Dabelsteen E. Oral epithelial dysplasia classification systems: predictive value, utility, weaknesses and scope for improvement. J Oral Pathol Med. 2008;3:127–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Reibel J, Gale N, Hille J, et al. Oral potentially malignant disorders and oral epithelial dysplasia. In: El-Naggar AK, Chan JKC, Grandis JR, Takata T, Slootweg PPJ, editors. WHO classification of head and neck tumours. 4th ed. Lyon: IARC; 2017. p. 112–5.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Warnakulasuriya S, Kovacevic T, Madden P, Coupland VH, Sperandio M, Odell E, Møller H. Factors predicting malignant transformation in oral potentially malignant disorders among patients accrued over a 10-year period in South East England. J Oral Pathol Med. 2011;40(9):677–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Smith CJ, Pindborg JJ. Histological grading of oral epithelial atypia by the use ofphotographic standards. C. Hamburgers Bogtrykkeri: Copenhagen; 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Kujan O, Oliver RJ, Khattab A, Roberts SA, Thakker N, Sloan PP. Evaluation of a new binary system of grading oral epithelial dysplasia for prediction of malignant transformation. Oral Oncol. 2006;42:987–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Rashid A, Warnakulasuriya S. The use of light-based (optical) detection systems as adjuncts in the detection of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review. J Oral Pathol Med. 2015;44(5):307–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Awan KH, Morgan PR, Warnakulasuriya S. Assessing the accuracy of autofluorescence, chemiluminescence and toluidine blue as diagnostic tools for oral potentially malignant disorders–aclinicopathological evaluation. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;19(9):2267–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Macey R, Walsh T, Brocklehurst P, Kerr AR, Liu JL, Lingen MW, Ogden GR, Warnakulasuriya S, Scully C. Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident lesions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;5:CD010276.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Lingen MW, Tampi MP, Urquhart O, et al. Adjuncts for the evaluation of potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity: diagnostic test accuracy systematic review and meta-analysis-a report of the American Dental Association. J Am Dent Assoc. 2017;148:797–813.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Warnakulasuriya S. Diagnostic adjuncts on oral cancer and precancer: an update for practitioners. Br Dent J. 2017;223(9):663–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Torres-Rendon A, Stewart R, Craig GT, Wells M, Speight PM. DNA ploidy analysis by image cytometry helps to identify oral epithelial dysplasias with a high risk of malignant progression. Oral Oncol. 2009;45:468–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Sperandio M, Brown AL, Lock C, Morgan PR, Coupland VH, Madden PB, Warnakulasuriya S, Møller H, Odell EW. Predictive value of dysplasia grading and DNA ploidy in malignant transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013;6(8):822–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Alaizari NA, Sperandio M, Odell EW, Peruzzo D, Al-Maweri SA. Meta-analysis of the predictive value of DNA aneuploidy in malignant transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders. J Oral Pathol Med. 2018;47(2):97–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Sperandio M, Klinikowski M, Brown AL, Shirlaw PJ, Challacombe SJ, Morgan PR, Warnakulasuriya S, Odell EW. Image-based DNA ploidy analysis aids prediction of malignant transformation in oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016;121(6):643–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Zhang L, Poh CF, Williams M, Laronde DM, Berean K, Gardner PJ, Jiang H, Wu L, Lee JJ, Rosin MP. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) profiles–validated risk predictors for progression to oral cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2012;5(9):1081–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Nikitakis NG, Pentenero M, Georgaki M, Poh CF, Peterson DE, Edwards P, Lingen MSauk JJ. Molecular markers associated with development and progression of potentially premalignant oral epithelial lesions: Current knowledge and future implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2018;125(6):650–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Abram TJ, Floriano PN, Christodoulides N, James R, Kerr AR, Thornhill MH, et al. ‘Cytology-on-a-chip’ based sensors for monitoring of potentially malignant oral lesions. Oral Oncol. 2016;60:103–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Diz P, Gorsky M, Johnson NW, et al. Oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia: a protocol for diagnosis and management. https://www.kcl.ac.uk/dentistry/about/acad/oral-leukoplakia-and-erythroplakia.pdf.

  75. Napier SS, Speight PM. Natural history of potentially malignant oral lesions and conditions: an overview of the literature. J Oral Pathol Med. 2008;1:1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Mehanna HM, Rattay T, Smith J, McConkey CC. Treatment and follow-up of oral dysplasia—a systematic review and metaanalysis. Head Neck. 2009;31:1600–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Warnakulasuriya S, Sutherland G, Scully C. Tobacco, oral cancer, and treatment of dependence. Oral Oncol. 2005;41(3):244–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Monteiro L, Barbieri C, Warnakulasuriya S, Martins M, Salazar F, Pacheco JJ, Vescovi P, Meleti M. Type of surgical treatment and recurrence of oral leukoplakia: a retrospective clinical study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(5):e520–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Lodi G, Franchini R, Warnakulasuriya S, Varoni EM, Sardella A, Kerr AR, Carrassi A, MacDonald LC, Worthington HV. Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;7:CD001829.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Nagao T, Ikeda N, Warnakulasuriya S, Fukano H, Yuasa H, Yano M, Miyazaki H, Ito Y. Serum antioxidant micronutrients and the risk of oral leukoplakia among Japanese. Oral Oncol. 2000;36(5):466–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Singh M, Krishanappa R, Bagewadi A, Keluskar V. Efficacy of oral lycopene in the treatment of oral leukoplakia. Oral Oncol. 2004;40(6):591–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Warnakulasuriya S, Kerr AR. Oral submucous fibrosis: a review of the current management and possible directions for novel therapies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016;122(2):232–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Maher R, Aga P, Johnson NW, Sankaranarayanan R, Warnakulasuriya S. Evaluation of multiple micronutrient supplementation in the management of oral submucous fibrosis in Karachi, Pakistan. Nutr Cancer. 1997;27(1):41–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Hazarey VK, Sakrikar AR, Ganvir SM. Efficacy of curcumin in the treatment for oral submucous fibrosis – a randomized clinical trial. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2015;19(2):145–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Borle RM, Nimonkar PV, Rajan R. Extended nasolabial flaps in the management of oral submucous fibrosis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;47(5):382–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

◘ Figure 12.21 is reproduced with permission from Speight et al. [4]. Elsevier license number 443270125426. I wish to thank Professor Edward Odell for kindly providing me with photomicrographs for ◘ Figures 12.1312.20 for this publication and Professor Paul Speight for providing the original copy of ◘ Figure 12.21.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Saman Warnakulasuriya .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Warnakulasuriya, S. (2020). Potentially Malignant Disorders of the Oral Cavity. In: Warnakulasuriya, S., Greenspan, J. (eds) Textbook of Oral Cancer. Textbooks in Contemporary Dentistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32316-5_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32316-5_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-32315-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-32316-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics