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Biotic and Landscape Evolution in an Amazonian Contact Zone: Insights from the Herpetofauna of the Tapajós River Basin, Brazil

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Neotropical Diversification: Patterns and Processes

Part of the book series: Fascinating Life Sciences ((FLS))

Abstract

The Amazon basin region, which harbors the largest river system in the world, and which is drained by the Amazon River, has experienced several geomorphological and climatic changes over time. These shifts, as we know, led to distinct signatures in the abiotic variables and the diversification patterns of its native biota. One excellent and yet still understudied model system for biogeographic studies relating biotic diversification to landscape evolution in this region is the Tapajós River basin. Located in an ecotonal zone marked by the presence of geomorphological, climatic and biotic gradients, the basin is crossed by the geographical barrier determined by the Tapajós River, one of the large southern tributaries of the Amazon River. The basin is also marked by high diversity of amphibians and reptiles, with distinct assemblages across its extent and riverbanks. We compare the landscape dynamics within the middle Tapajós River region and the whole basin with a comparison of molecular diversification patterns across 16 taxa of amphibians and lizards. For that, we analyze spatial and temporal congruence in diversification through Bayesian gene trees, inter-bank genetic p-distances, and molecular dating based on novel mtDNA data. We find that most groups present spatial diversification patterns concordant with the current position of the Tapajós River, showing high genetic distance between banks. We recovered a continuous range of riverine-associated divergence times, which we group in three main time periods for discussion purposes: (1) ancient divergences, dating from the middle Miocene (ca. 10 Ma); (2) divergences in the late Miocene-Pliocene (ca. 5–3.5 Ma), and (3) more recent divergences, dating to Pleistocene (ca. 2–1 Ma). These results are consistent with a hypothesis of high landscape dynamism in the Tapajós River basin over time, leading to multiple vicariance or colonization events, but cannot be used to discard alternative hypotheses, such as that the river or basin represent areas of secondary contact only. Based on literature and new molecular data, we discuss the evolution of the landscape of the Tapajós River basin and its impact on the diversification of different taxonomic and functional groups.

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Acknowledgements

Leandro J.C.L. Moraes is a member of Dra. Fernanda Werneck’s lab at the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), and developed this work under a scholarship (131169/2013-0) and a research fellowship (313055/2015-7) from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and a research fellowship (062.00962/2018) from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM). We thank Luis F. Storti, José Cassimiro, Jerriane Gomes, Mauro Hoffman, Tainá F.D. Rodrigues, José Mário B. Ghelere, Ana B. Barros, Elizângela S. Brito help in fieldwork sampling and to CNEC WorleyParsons Engenharia S.A. for fieldwork financial and logistical support. We are also grateful to José Cassimiro, Luis Storti and Elizângela S. Brito for contribution with landscape and specimen photographs; Ana Carolina Carnaval and an anonymous reviewer for the careful manuscript revision and editing; as well as to Erik Choueri, Mateus Ferreira, members of Thematic Laboratory of Molecular Biology from Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) and Maria C. Barros’ Molecular Biology lab from Universidade Estadual do Maranhão—campus Caxias (UEMA) for assistance with the molecular data survey and analyses. Fernanda P. Werneck thanks financial support from CNPq (projects 475559/2013-4 and 425571/2018-1; productivity fellowship 305535/2017-0), FAPEAM (projects 062.00665/2015, 062.01110/2017, and 062.00962/2018), Partnerships for Enhanced Engagement in Research from the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and U.S. Agency of International Development (PEER NAS/USAID AID-OAA-A-11-00012, cycle 3) and L’Oréal-Unesco For Women in Science Program (Brazil/ABC 2016 and IRT 2017). Camila C. Ribas thanks financial support from CNPq (308927/2016-8); National Science Foundation-Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (NSF-FAPESP) (2012/50260-6) and PEER NAS/USAID (AID-OAA-A-11-00012, cycle 5). The specimens were collected under collection permit number 066/2012 provided by Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil

    Leandro J. C. L. Moraes

  2. Ecosfera Consultoria e Pesquisa em Meio Ambiente Ltda., São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Leandro J. C. L. Moraes & Dante Pavan

  3. Programa de Coleções Científicas Biológicas, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil

    Camila C. Ribas & Fernanda P. Werneck

  4. Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Fernanda P. Werneck

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  1. Leandro J. C. L. Moraes
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  1. Laboratory of Paleoecology, Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain

    Valentí Rull

  2. Department of Biology, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA

    Ana Carolina Carnaval

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Moraes, L.J.C.L., Ribas, C.C., Pavan, D., Werneck, F.P. (2020). Biotic and Landscape Evolution in an Amazonian Contact Zone: Insights from the Herpetofauna of the Tapajós River Basin, Brazil. In: Rull, V., Carnaval, A. (eds) Neotropical Diversification: Patterns and Processes. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31167-4_25

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