Abstract
Running hardware-based experiments in multi-robot construction is an expensive and time-consuming endeavor. Furthermore, it is difficult to disseminate the results from hardware-based experiments in a way that other researchers can build upon. In this paper, we present a number of plug-ins for a multi-robot simulator that we have developed to enable a high-fidelity simulation of the multi-robot construction systems typically found in laboratory settings. We validate these plug-ins qualitatively by repeating a hardware-based experiment in simulation where a single robot assembles a staircase from blocks [1]. We then show how we can use the plug-ins to scale up the complexity of the construction scenario and demonstrate multi-robot construction in simulation. To enable other researchers to replicate our experiments and to promote collaboration, we have made our plug-ins open source.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Users of ARGoS – http://www.argos-sim.info/users.php.
- 2.
Bullet Physics – http://bulletphysics.org/.
References
Allwright, M., Bhalla, N., Dorigo, M.: Structure and markings as stimuli for autonomous construction. In: Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Advanced Robotics, pp. 296–302. IEEE (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/icar.2017.8023623
Allwright, M., Bhalla, N., Pinciroli, C., Dorigo, M.: ARGoS plug-ins for experiments in autonomous construction. Technical report TR/IRIDIA/2018-007, IRIDIA, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium (2018)
Allwright, M., Bhalla, N., Pinciroli, C., Dorigo, M.: Simulating multi-robot construction in ARGoS (supplementary material website) (2018). http://iridia.ulb.ac.be/supp/IridiaSupp2017-004/index.html
Bonabeau, E., Dorigo, M., Theraulaz, G.: Swarm Intelligence: From Natural to Artificial Systems. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1999)
Camazine, S., Deneubourg, J.L., Franks, N.R., Sneyd, J., Theraulaz, G., Bonabeau, E.: Self-Organization in Biological Systems. Princeton University Press, Princeton (2001)
Carpin, S., Lewis, M., Wang, J., Balakirsky, S., Scrapper, C.: USARSim: a robot simulator for research and education. In: 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 1400–1405. IEEE (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/robot.2007.363180
Grassé, P.P.: Reconstruction of the nest and coordination between individuals in terms. Bellicositermes Natalensis and Cubitermes sp. the theory of stigmergy: test interpretation of termite constructions. Insectes Soc. 6(1), 41–80 (1959). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02223791
Jones, C., Matarić, M.J.: Automatic synthesis of communication-based coordinated multi-robot systems. In: 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 381–387. IEEE (2004). https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2004.1389382
Koenig, N., Howard, A.: Design and use paradigms for Gazebo, an open-source multi-robot simulator. In: 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 2149–2154. IEEE (2004). https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2004.1389727
Lindsey, Q., Mellinger, D., Kumar, V.: Construction with quadrotor teams. Auton. Robots 33(3), 323–336 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10514-012-9305-0
Michel, O.: Cyberbotics Ltd., Webots™: professional mobile robot simulation. Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst. 1(1), 39–42 (2004). https://doi.org/10.5772/5618
Olson, E.: AprilTag: a robust and flexible visual fiducial system. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 3400–3407. IEEE (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/icra.2011.5979561
Petersen, K., Nagpal, R., Werfel, J.: TERMES: an autonomous robotic system for three-dimensional collective construction. In: Proceedings of Robotics: Science and Systems, pp. 257–264. RSS Foundation (2011). https://doi.org/10.15607/rss.2011.vii.035
Pinciroli, C., et al.: ARGoS: a modular, parallel, multi-engine simulator for multi-robot systems. Swarm Intell. 6(4), 271–295 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11721-012-0072-5
Soleymani, T., Trianni, V., Bonani, M., Mondada, F., Dorigo, M.: Autonomous construction with compliant building material. In: Menegatti, E., Michael, N., Berns, K., Yamaguchi, H. (eds.) Intelligent Autonomous Systems. AISC, vol. 302, pp. 1371–1388. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08338-4_99
Sugawara, K., Doi, Y.: Collective construction by cooperation of simple robots and intelligent blocks. In: Kubota, N., Kiguchi, K., Liu, H., Obo, T. (eds.) ICIRA 2016. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 9834, pp. 452–461. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43506-0_40
Sugawara, K., Doi, Y.: Collective construction of dynamic equilibrium structure through interaction of simple robots with semi-active blocks. In: Chong, N.-Y., Cho, Y.-J. (eds.) Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems. STAR, vol. 112, pp. 165–176. Springer, Tokyo (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55879-8_12
Theraulaz, G., Bonabeau, E.: Coordination in distributed building. Science 269(5224), 686–688 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5224.686
Theraulaz, G., Bonabeau, E.: A brief history of stigmergy. Artif. Life 5(2), 97–116 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1162/106454699568700
Thomaszewski, B., Gumann, A., Pabst, S., Straßer, W.: Magnets in motion. ACM Trans. Graph. 27(5), 162:1–162:9 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1145/1409060.1409115
Werfel, J., Nagpal, R.: Extended stigmergy in collective construction. IEEE Intell. Syst. 21(2), 20–28 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/mis.2006.25
Werfel, J., Nagpal, R.: Three-dimensional construction with mobile robots and modular blocks. Int. J. Robot. Res. 27(3–4), 463–479 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1177/0278364907084984
Werfel, J., Petersen, K., Nagpal, R.: Designing collective behavior in a termite-inspired robot construction team. Science 343(6172), 754–758 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1245842
Wismer, S., Hitz, G., Bonani, M., Gribovskiy, A., Magnenat, S.: Autonomous construction of a roofed structure: synthesizing planning and stigmergy on a mobile robot. In: 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 5436–5437. IEEE (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2012.6386278
Worcester, J., Ani Hsieh, M., Lakaemper, R.: Distributed assembly with online workload balancing and visual error detection and correction. Int. J. Robot. Res. 33(4), 534–546 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1177/0278364913509125
Acknowledgments
Michael Allwright was supported by the Australian Government through the Endeavour Scholarships and Fellowships Program. Navneet Bhalla was partially supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Marco Dorigo acknowledges support from the Belgian F.R.S.-FNRS, of which he is a Research Director. The work presented in this paper was partially supported by the FLAG-ERA project RoboCom++ and by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement number 681872). We would like to thank Haitham El-faham and Weixu Zhu for their help with implementing and testing the magnetism code in the three-dimensional dynamics plug-in.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Allwright, M., Bhalla, N., Pinciroli, C., Dorigo, M. (2018). Simulating Multi-robot Construction in ARGoS. In: Dorigo, M., Birattari, M., Blum, C., Christensen, A., Reina, A., Trianni, V. (eds) Swarm Intelligence. ANTS 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11172. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00533-7_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00533-7_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-00532-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-00533-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)