Abstract
This paper analyzes the use of models for timed systems, particularly cyber-physical systems, which mix timed behavior of physical subsystems with largely untimed behavior of software. It examines how models are used in engineering and science, showing that two complementary styles for using models lead to differing conclusions about how to approach the problem of modeling timed systems. The paper argues for an increased use of an engineering style of modeling, where models are more like specifications of desired behavior and less like descriptions of some preexisting system. Finally, it argues that in the engineering style of modeling, determinism is an extremely valuable property.
This work was supported in part by the iCyPhy Research Center (Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems, supported by Denso, Ford, National Instruments, Siemens, and Toyota), and by the National Science Foundation, NSF award #1446619 (Mathematical Theory of CPS).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alur, R., Fisman, D., Raghothaman, M.: Regular programming for quantitative properties of data streams. In: Thiemann, P. (ed.) ESOP 2016. LNCS, vol. 9632, pp. 15–40. Springer, Heidelberg (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49498-1_2
Box, G.E.P., Draper, N.R.: Empirical Model-Building and Response Surfaces. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Wiley, Hoboken (1987)
Broman, D., Greenberg, L., Lee, E.A., Masin, M., Tripakis, S., Wetter, M.: Requirements for hybrid cosimulation standards. In: Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control (HSCC) (2015). https://doi.org/10.1145/2728606.2728629
Buttazzo, G.C.: Hard Real-Time Computing Systems: Predictable Scheduling Algorithms and Applications, 2nd edn. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Corbett, J.C., et al.: Spanner: Google’s globally-distributed database. In: OSDI (2012). https://doi.org/10.1145/2491245
Earman, J.: A Primer on Determinism, The University of Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, vol. 32. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht (1986)
Edwards, S.A., Lee, E.A.: The case for the precision timed (PRET) machine. In: Design Automation Conference (DAC) (2007)
Eidson, J., Lee, E.A., Matic, S., Seshia, S.A., Zou, J.: Distributed real-time software for cyber-physical systems. Proc. IEEE (Spec. Issue on CPS) 100(1), 45–59 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2011.2161237
Eidson, J.C.: Measurement, Control, and Communication Using IEEE 1588. Springer, London (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-251-9
Eidson, J.C., Stanton, K.B.: Timing in cyber-physical systems: the last inch problem. In: IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control, and Communication (ISPCS), pp. 19–24. IEEE (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCS.2015.7324674
Golomb, S.W.: Mathematical models: uses and limitations. IEEE Trans. Reliab. R–20(3), 130–131 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1109/TR.1971.5216113
Kirner, R., Puschner, P.: Obstacles in worst-case execution time analysis. In: Symposium on Object Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC), pp. 333–339. IEEE (2008)
Kopetz, H., Bauer, G.: The time-triggered architecture. Proc. IEEE 91(1), 112–126 (2003)
Lamport, L.: Using time instead of timeout for fault-tolerant distributed systems. ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst. 6(2), 254–280 (1984)
Lee, E.A.: Fundamental limits of cyber-physical systems modeling. ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst. 1(1), 26 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1145/2912149
Lee, E.A.: What is real-time computing? A personal view. IEEE Des. Test 35(2), 64–72 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/MDAT.2017.2766560
Lee, E.A., Reineke, J., Zimmer, M.: Abstract PRET machines. In: IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS) (2017). Invited TCRTS award paper
Lee, E.A.: Plato and the Nerd – The Creative Partnership of Humans and Technology. MIT Press, Cambridge (2017)
Muller, R.A.: Now – The Physics of Time. W. W. Norton and Company, New York (2016)
Stankovic, J.A.: Misconceptions about real-time computing: a serious problem for next-generation systems. Computer 21(10), 10–19 (1988)
Thiele, L., Kumar, P.: Can real-time systems be chaotic? In: EMSOFT, pp. 21–30. ACM (2015)
Wägemann, P., Distler, T., Eichler, C., Schröder-Preikschat, W.: Benchmark generation for timing analysis. In: Real-Time Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS). IEEE (2017)
Wilhelm, R., et al.: The worst-case execution-time problem - overview of methods and survey of tools. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. (TECS) 7(3), 1–53 (2008)
Zhao, Y., Lee, E.A., Liu, J.: A programming model for time-synchronized distributed real-time systems. In: Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS), pp. 259–268. IEEE (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/RTAS.2007.5
Zimmer, M., Broman, D., Shaver, C., Lee, E.A.: FlexPRET: a processor platform for mixed-criticality systems. In: Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Application Symposium (RTAS) (2014). http://chess.eecs.berkeley.edu/pubs/1048.html
Acknowledgments
The author thanks David N. Jansen for very helpful suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Lee, E.A. (2018). Models of Timed Systems. In: Jansen, D., Prabhakar, P. (eds) Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems. FORMATS 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11022. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00151-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00151-3_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-00150-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-00151-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)