Skip to main content

Cross-Sectional Imaging of Adrenal Masses

  • Chapter
Imaging in Oncological Urology

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Geelhoed GW, Druy EM. Management of the adrenal ‘incidentaloma’. Surgery 1982;92:866–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Prinz RA, Brooks MH, Churchill R, Graner JL, Lawrence AM, Paloyan E, et al. Incidental asymptomatic adrenal masses detected by computed tomographic scanning. Is operation required? JAMA. 1982;248:701–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kokko JP, Brown TC, Berman MM. Adrenal adenoma and hypertension. Lancet. 1967;1:468.

    Google Scholar 

  4. MG Melvin, MKB Beverly, DB Glenn, KK Campbell, JA Carney, PA Godley, et al. Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass (‘Incidentaloma’). NIH Conference. Ann Interm Med. 2003;138:424–29.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Commons RR, Callaway CP. Adenomas of theadrenal cortex. Archiv Intern Med. 1948;81:37–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hedeland H, Ostberg G, Hokfelt B. On the prevalence of adrenocortical adenomas in an autopsy material in relation to hypertension and diabetes. Acta Med Scand. 1968;184:211–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kloos RT, Gross MD, Francis IR, Korobkin M, Shapiro B. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Endocr Rev. 1995;16: 460–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Glazer HS, Weyman PJ, Sagel SS, Levitt RG, McClennan BL. Nonfunctioning adrenal masses: incidental discovery on computed tomography. Am J Roentgenol. 1982;139:81–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Aso Y, Homma Y. A survey on incidental adrenal tumours in Japan. J Urol. 1992;147:1478–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Dunnick NR, Korobkin M, Francis I. Adrenal radiology: distinguishing benign from malignant adrenal masses. Am J Roentgenol. 1996;167:861–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Mantero F, Masini AM, Opocher G, Giovagnetti M, Arnaldi G. Adrenal incidentaloma: an overview of hormonal data from the National Italian Study Group. Horm Res. 1997;47:284–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Dunnick R. Adrenal imaging: current status. Am J Roentgenol. 1990;154:927–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Caoili EM, Korobkin M, Francis IR, Cohan RH, Platt JF, Dunnick R, et al. Adrenal masses: characterization with combined unenhanced and delayed enhanced CT. Radiology. 2002;222:629–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Montagne J-P, Kressel HY, Korobkin M, Moss AA. Computed tomography of the normal adrenal glands. Am J Roentgenol. 1978;130:963–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Vincent JM, Morrison ID, Armstrong P, Reznek RH. The size of normal adrenal glands on computed tomography. Clin Rad. 1994;49:453–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Korobkin M, Giordano TJ, Brodeur FJ, Francis IR, Siegelman ES, Quint LE, et al. Adrenal adenomas: relationship between histologic lipid and CT and MR findings. Radiology. 1996;200: 743–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Francis IR, Gross MD, Shapiro B, Korobkin M, Quint LE. Integrated imaging of adrenal disease. Radiology. 1992;184:1–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Krestin GP, Friedmann G, Fischbach R, Neufang KFR, Allolio B. Evaluation of adrenal masses in oncologic patients: dynamic contrast enhanced MR vs. CT. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1991;15:104–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Korobkin M, Bordeur FJ, Francis IR, Quint LE, Dunnick NR, Londy F. CT time-attenuation washout curves of adrenal adenomas and nonadenomas. Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170:747–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Szolar DH, Korobkin M, Reittner P, Berghold A, Bauernhofer T, Trummer H, et al.. Adrenocortical carcinomas and adrenal pheochromocytomas: mass and enhancement loss evaluation at delayed contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology. 2005;234:479–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Reinig JW, Doppman JL, Dwyer AJ, Johnson AR, Knop RH. Adrenal masses differentiated by MR. Radiology. 1986;158:81–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Outwater EK, Siegelman ES, Radecki PD, Picoli CW, Mitchell DG. Distinction between benign and malignant adrenal masses: value of T1-weighted chemical shift MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol. 1995;165:579–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Abrams HL, Spiro R, Goldstein N. Metastases in carcinoma: analysis of 1000 autopsied cases. Cancer. 1950;3:74–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zornova J, Bracken R, Wallace S. Radiologic features of adrenal metastases. Urology. 1976;8:295–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Katz RL, Shirkhoda A. Diagnostic approach to incidental adrenal nodules in the cancer patient. Results of a clinical, radiologic and fine-needle aspiration study. Cancer. 1985;55:1995–2000.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Vincent JM, Morrison ID, Armstrong P, Reznek RH. Computed tomography of diffuse, non-metastatic enlargement of the adrenal glands in patients with malignant disease. Clin Rad. 1994;49:456–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kier R, McCarthy S. MR characterisation of the adrenal masses: field strength and pulse sequence considerations. Radiology. 1989;171:671–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Korobkin M, Brodeur FJ, Yutzy GG, et al. Differentiation of adrenal adenomas from nonadenomas using CT attenuation values. Am J Roentgenol. 1996;166:531–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lee MJ, Hahn PF, Papanicolau N, Schoellnast H, Preidler KW, Samonigg H. Benign and malignant adrenal masses: CT distinction with attenuation coefficients, size and observer analysis. Radiology. 1991;179:415–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Boland GW, Lee MJ, Gazelle GS, Halpern EF, McNicholas MM, Mueller PR. Characterization of adrenal masses using unenhanced CT: an analysis of the CT literature. Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171:201–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Bae KT, Fuangtharnthip P, Prasad SR, Joe BN, Heiken JP. Adrenal masses: CT characterization with histogram analysis method. Radiology. 2003;228:735–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Szolar DH, Kammerhuber F. Quantitative CT evaluation of adrenal gland masses: a step forward in the differentiation between adenomas and nonadenomas? Radiology. 1997;202:517–21.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Caoili EM, Korobkin M, Francis IR, Cohan RH, Dunnick NR. Delayed enhanced CT of lipid-poor adrenal adenomas. Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175:1411–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mitchell DG, Crovello M, Matteucci T, Petersen RO, Miettinen MM. Benign adrenocortical masses: diagnosis with chemical shift MR imaging. Radiology. 1992;185:345–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Fujiyoshi F, Nakajo M, Fukukura Y, Tsuchimochi S. Characterization of adrenal tumours by chemical shift fast low-angle shot MR imaging: comparison of four methods of quantitative evaluation. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180:1649–57.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Mayo-Smith WW, Lee LJ, McNicholas MM, Hahn PF, Boland GW, Saini S. Characterization of adrenal masses (<5,cm) by use of chemical shift MR imaging: observer performance verses quantitative measures. Am J Roentgenol. 1995;165:1651–91.

    Google Scholar 

  37. McNicholas MM, Lee MJ, Mayo-Smith WW, Hahn PF, Boland GW, Mueller PR. An imaging algorithm for the differential diagnosis of adrenal adenomas and metastases. Am J Roentgenol. 1995;165:1453–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Heinz-Peer G, Hönigschnabl S, Schneider B, Niederle B, Kaserer K, Lechner G. Characterization of adrenal masses MR Imaging with Histopathologic correlation. Am J Roentgenol. 1999;173:15–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Israel GM, Korobkin M, Wang C, Hecht EN, Krinsky GA. Comparison of Unenhanced ct and chemical shift MRI in evaluating lipid-rich adrenal adenomas. Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:215–9.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Outwater EK, Siegelman ES, Huang AB, Birnbaum BA. Adrenal masses: correlation between CT attenuation value and chemical shift ratio at MR imaging with in-phase and opposed-phase sequences. Radiology. 1996;200:749–52. Erratum in: Radiology. 1996;201:880.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Maurea S, Mainolfi C, BazzicaloL, Panico MR, Imparato C, Alfano B, et al. Imaging of adrenal tumours using FDG PET: comparison of benign and malignant lesions. Am J Roentgenol. 1999;173:25–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Kumar R, Xui Y, Yu JQ, Takalkar A, El-Haddad G, Potenta S, et al. 18F-FDG PET in evaluation of adrenal lesions in patients with lung cancer. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:2058–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Minn H, Salonen A, Friberg J, Roivainen A, Viljanen T, Langsjo J, et al. Imaging of eadrenal incidentalomas with PET using (11)C-metomidate and (18)F-FDG. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:972–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Silverman SG, Mueller PR, Pinkney LP, Koenker RM, Selter SE. Predictive value of image-guided adrenal biopsy: analysis of results of 101 biopsies. Radiology. 1993;187:715–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Welch TJ, Sheedy PF II, Stephens DH, Johnson CM, Swensen SJ. Percutaneous adrenal biopsy: review of a 10 year experience. Radiology. 1994;193:341–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hedican SP, Marshall FF. Adrenocortical carcinoma with intracaval extension. J Urol. 1997;158:2056–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Wajchenberg BL, Albergaria Pereira MA, Medonca BB, Latronica AC, Campos Carneiro P, Alves VA, et al. Adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical and laboratory observations. Cancer. 2000;88:711–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Dunnick NR. Adrenal carcinoma. Radiol Clin North Am. 1994;32:99–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Boscaro M, Fallo F, Barzon L, Daniele O, Sonino N. Adrenocortical carcinoma: epidemiology and natural history. Minerva Endocrinol. 1995;20:89–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Gomez-Rivera F, Medina-Franco H, Arch-Ferrer JE, Heslin MJ. Adrenocortical carcinoma: a single institution experience. Am Surg. 2005;71:90–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Dunnick NR, Doppman JL, Gill JR Jr, Strott CA, Keiser HR, Brennan MF. Localization of adrenal tumours by computed tomography and venous sampling. Radiology. 1982;142:429–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Fishman EK, Deutch BM, Hartman DS, Goldman SM, Zerhouni EA, Seigelman SS. Primary adrenocortical carcinoma: CT evaluation with clinical correlation. Am J Roentgenol. 1987:148; 431–5.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Dunnick NR, Doppman JL, Geelhoed GW. Intavenous extension of endocrine tumours. Am J Roentgenol. 1980;135:471–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Terzolo M, Ali A, Osella G, Mazza E. Prevalence of adrenal carcinoma among incidentally discovered adrenal masses. A retrospective study from 1989 to 1994. Gruppo Piemontese Incidentalomi Surrenalici. Arch Surg. 1997;132:914–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Krebs TL, Wagner BJ. MR imaging of the adrenal gland: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 1998;18: 1425–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Schlund JF, Kenney PJ, Brown ED, Egglin TK, Saini S, Mueller PR, et al. Adrenocortical carcinoma: MR imaging appearance with current techniques. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1995;5:171–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Yamada T, Saito H, Moriya T, Tsuboi M, Ishibashi T, Sato A, et al. Adrenal carcinoma with a signal loss on chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2003;27: 606–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Lee MJ, Mayo-Smith WW, Hahn PF, Ascher SM, Brown JJ, Semelka RC. Sate-of-the-art MR imaging of the adrenal gland. Radiograhics 1994;14:1015–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Roman S. Adrenocortical carcinoma. Curr Opin Oncol. 2006;18:36–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Sutton MG, Sheps SG, Lie JT. Prevalence of clinically unsuspected pheochromoctoma: review of a 50-year autopsy series. Mayo Clin Proc. 1981;56:354–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lucon AM, Pereira MAA, Mendonca BB, Goldberg MA, Boland GW, Saini S, et al. Pheochromocytoma: study of 50 cases. J Urol. 1997;157:1208–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Radin DR, Ralls PW, Boswell WD Jr, Colletti PM, Lapin SA, Halls JM. Phaechromocytoma detection by unenhanced CT. Am J Roentgenol. 1986,46:741–4.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Blake MA, Kalra MK, Maher MM, Sahani DV, Sweeney AT, Mueller PR, et al. Pheochromocytoma: an imaging chameleon. Radiographics. 2004;24 Suppl 1:S87–99.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Whalen RK, Althausen AF, Daniels GH. Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma. J Urol. 1992;147:1–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Atuk NO, McDonald T, Wood T, Carpenter JT, Walzak MP, Donaldson M, et al. Familial pheochromocytoma, hypercalcemia and von Hippel Lindau disease: a ten year study of a large family. Medicine (Baltimore). 1979;58:209–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Horton WA, Wing V, Eldridge R. Von Hippel-Lindau disease: clinical and pathological manifestations in nine families with 50 affected members. Arch Intern Med. 1976;136:769–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. van Heerden JA, Sheps SG, Hamberger B, Sheedy PF II, Poston JG, ReMine WH. Pheochromocytoma: current status and changing trends. Surgery. 1982;91:367–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Proye C, Fossati P, Fontaine P, Lefebvre, Decoulx M, Wemeau JL, et al. Dopamine-secreting pheochromocytoma: an unrecognised entity? Classification of pheochromocytomas according to their type of secretion. Surgery. 1986:100;1154–62.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Raisanen J, Shapiro B, Glazer GM, Desai S, Sisson JC. Plasma catecholamines in pheochromocytoma: effect of urographic contrast media. Am J Roentgenol. 1984;143:43–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Mukherjee JJ, Peppercorn PD, Reznek RH, Patel V, Kaltsas G, Besser M, et al. Pheochromocytoma: effect of non-ionic contrast medium in CT on circulating catecholamine levels. Radiology. 1997;202:227–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Motta-Ramirez GA, Remer EM, Herts BR, Gill IS, Hamrahian AH. Comparison of CT findings in symptomatic and incidentally discovered pheochromocytomas. Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185:684–8.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Cirillo RL Jr, Bennett WF, Vitellas KM, Poulos AG, Bova JG. Pathology of the adrenal gland: imaging features. Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170:429–35.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Varghese JC, Hahn PF, Papanicolaou N, Mayo-Smith WW, Gaa JA, Lee MJ. MR differentiation of phaeochromocytoma from other adrenal lesions based on qualitative analysis of T2 relaxation times. Clin Rad. 1997;52:603–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. van Gils APG, Falke THM, van Erkel AR, Arndt JW, Sandler MP, van der Mey AG, et al. MR imaging and MIBG scintigraphy of pheochromocytomas and extra-adrenal functioning paragangliomas. Radiographics. 1991;11:37–57.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Tenenbaum F, Lumbroso J, Schlumberger M, Mure A, Plouin PF, Caillou B, et al. Comparison of radiolabeled octreotide and meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy in malignant pheochromocytoma. J Nucl Med. 1995;36:1–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Guller U, Turek J, Eubanks S, Delong ER, Oertli D, Feldman JM. Detecting pheochromocytoma: defining the most sensitive test. Ann Surg. 2006;243:102–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Lam KY, Lo CY. Adrenal lipomatous tumours: a 30 year clinicopathological experience at a single institution. J Clin Pathol. 2001;54:707–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Goldman HB, Howard RC, Patterson AL. Spontaneous retroperitoneal haemorrhage from a giant myelolipoma. J Urol. 1996;155:639.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Russell C, Goodacre BW, vanSonnenberg E, Orihuela E. Spontaneous rupture of adrenal myelolipoma: spiral CT appearance. Abdom Imaging. 2000;25:431–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Sneiders A, Zhang G, Gordon BE. Extra-adrenal perirenal myelolipoma. J Urol. 1993;150:1496–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Kammen BF, Elder DE, Fraker DL, Siegelman ES. Extra-adrenal myelolipoma: MR imaging findings. Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171:721–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. WeinerSN, Weiner SN, Bernstein RG, Lowy S, Karp H. Combined adrenal adenoma and myelolipoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1981;5:440.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Whaley D, Becker S, Presbrey T, Shaff M. Adrenal myelolipoma associated with Conn syndrome: CT evaluation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985;9:959.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Musante Musante F, Derchi LE, Zappasodi F, Bazzocchi M, Riviezzo GC, Banderali A, et al. Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland: sonographic and CT features. Am J Roentgenol. 1988;151:961.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Palmer WE, Gerard-McFarland EL, Chew FS. Adrenal myelolipoma. Am J Roentgenol. 1991;156:724.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Cyran KM, Kenney PJ, Memel DS, Yacoub I. Adrenal myelolipoma. Am J Roentgenol. 1996;166:395–400.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Rao P, Kenney PJ, Wagner BJ, Davidson AJ. Imaging and pathologic features of myelolipoma. Radiographics. 1997;17: 1373–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Rana AI, Kenney PJ, Lockhart ME, McGwin G Jr, Morgan DE, Windham ST III, et al. Adrenal gland hematomas in trauma patients. Radiology. 2004;230:669–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Burks DW, Mirvis SE, Shanmuganathan K. Acute adrenal injury after blunt abdominal trauma: CT findings. Am J Roentgenol. 1992;158:503–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Xarli VP, Steale AA, Davis PJ, Buescher ES, Rios CN, Garcia-Bunnel R. Adrenal haemorrhage in the adult. Medicine (Baltimore). 1978;57:211–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Bayliss RIS, Edwards OM, Starer F. Complications of adrenal venography. BJR. 1970;43:531–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Outwater E, Bankoff MS. Clinically significant adrenal hemorrhage secondary to metastases. Computed tomography observations. Clin Imaging. 1989;13:195–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Wolverson MK, Kannegiesser H. CT of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage with acute adrenal insufficiency in the adult. Am J Roentgenol. 1984;142:311–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Ling D, Korobkin M, Silverman PM, Dunnick NR. CT demonstration of bilateral adrenal haemorrhage. Am J Roentgenol. 1983;141:307–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Boland GW, Lee MJ. Magnetic resonance imaging of the adrenal gland. Crit Rev Diagn Imaging. 1995;36:115–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Cheema P, Cartegena R, Staubitz W. Adrenal cysts: diagnosis and treatment. J Urol. 1981;126:396–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Rozenblit A, Morehouse HT, Amis SE Jr. Cystic adrenal lesions: CT features. Radiology. 1996;201:541–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Bellantone R, Ferrante A, Raffaelli M, Boscherini M, Lombardi CP, Crucitti F. Adrenal cystic lesions: report of 12 surgically treated cases and review of the literature. J Endocrinol Invest. 1998;21:109–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Paling MR, Williamson BRJ. Adrenal involvement in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Am J Roentgenol. 1983;141:303–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Salvatore JR, Ross RS. Primary bilateral adrenal lymphoma. Leuk lymphoma. 1999;34:111–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Kumar R, Xui Y, Mavi A, El-Haddad G, Zhuang H, Alavi A. FDG-PET imaging in primary bilateral adrenal lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Nucl Med. 2005;30:222–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Pimental M, Johnston JB, Allan DR, Greenberg H, Bernstein CN. Primary adrenal lymphoma associated with adrenal insufficiency: a distinct clinical entity. Leuk lymphoma. 1997;24:363–7.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Moulton JS. CT of the adrenal gland. Semin Roentgenol. 1988;13:288–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Reinig JW, Stutley JE, Leonhardt CM, Spicer KM, Margolis M, Caldwell CB. Differentiation of adrenal masses with MR imaging: comparison of techniques. Radiology. 1994; 192:41–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Honig SC, Klavans MS, Hyde C, Siroky MB. Adrenal haemangioma: an unusual adrenal mass delineated with magnetic resonance imaging. J Urol. 1991;146:400–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Ferrozzi F, Tognini G, Bova D, Zuccoli G, Pavone P. Haemangiosarcoma of the adrenal glands: CT findings in two cases. Abdom Imaging. 2001;26:336–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Kawashima A, Sandler CM, Fishman EK, Charnsangavej C, Yasumori K, Honda H, et al. Spectrum of CT findings in non-malignant disease of the adrenal gland. Radiographics. 1998;18:393–412.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Rieber A, Brambs HJ. CT and MR imaging of adrenal hemangioma. A case repot. Acta Radiol. 1995;36:659–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Yamada T, Ishibashi T, Saito H, Majima K, Takahashi S, Moriya T. Two cases of adrenal hemangioma: CT and MRI findings with pathological correlations. Radiat Med. 2002;20:51–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Marotti M, Sucic Z, Krolo I, Dimanovski J, Klaric R, Ferencic Z, et al. Adrenal cavernous hemangioma: MRI, CT and US appearance. Eur Radiol. 1997;7:691–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Young JL Jr, Miller RW. Incidence of malignant tumours in US children. J Paediatr. 1975;86:245–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Ng YY, Kingston JE. The role of radiology in the staging of neuroblastoma. Clin Rad. 1993;47:226–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Franks LM, Bollen A, Seeger RC, Stram DO, Matthay KK. Neuroblastoma in adults and adolescents: an indolent course with poor survival. Cancer. 1997;79:2028–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Feinstein RS, Gatewood OM, Fishman EK, Goldman SM, Siegelman SS. Computed tomography of adult neuroblastoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1984;8:720–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Enzinger FM, Weiss SW. Soft tissue tumours. 3rd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby-Year Book; 1995. 929–64.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Radin R, David CL, Goldfarb H, Francis IR. Adrenal and extra-adrenal retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma: imaging findings in 13 adults. Radiology 1997;202:703–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Johnson GL, Hruban RH, Marshall FF, Fishman EK. Primary adrenal ganglioneuroma: CT findings in four patients. Am J Roentgenol. 1997;169:169–171.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Buxi TB, Vohra RB, Sujatha, Byotra SP, Mukherji S, Danial M. CT in adrenal enlargement due to tuberculosis: a review of literature with five new cases. Clin Imaging. 1992;16:102–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Doppman JL, Gill JR Jr, Nienhuis AW, Earll JM, Long JA Jr. CT findings in Addison’s disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1982;6:757–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Wang YX, Chen CR, He GX, Tang AR. CT findings of adrenal glands in patients with tuberculous Addison’s disease. J Belge Radiol. 1998;81:226–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Vaughan ED Jr. Surgery of the adrenals. Scientific World Journal. 2004;28-4 Suppl 1:400–26.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Micali S, Peluso G, De Stefani S, Celia A, Sighinofi MC, Grande M, et al. Laparoscopic adrenal surgery: new frontiers. J Endourology 2005;19(3):272–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Barzon L, Scaroni C, Sonino N, Fallo F, Paoletta A, Boscaro M. Risk factors and long-term follow-up of adrenal incidentalomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(2):520–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Bülow B, Jansson S, Juhlin C, Steen L, Wahrenberg H, Valdmarsson S, et al. Adrenal incidentaloma – follow-up results from a Swedish prospective study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006; 154:419–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Weinberger MH, Grim CE, Hollifield JW, Kem DC, Ganguly A, Kramer NJ, et al. Primary aldosteronism: diagnosis, localization and treatment. Ann Intern Med. 1979;90:386–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Ferris JB, Bevers DG, Brown JJ, et al. Clinical, biochemical and pathological features of low rennin (‘primary’) hyperaldosteronism. Am Heart J. 1978;95:375–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Greathouse DJ, McDermott MT, Kidd GS, et al. Pure primary hyperaldesteronism due to adrenal cortical carcinoma. Am J Med. 1984;76:1132–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Dunnick NR, Leight GS, Roubidoux MA, Leder RA, Paulson E, Kurylo L. CT in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: sensitivity in 29 patients. Am J Roentgenol. 1993;160:321–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Lumachi F, Marzola MC, Zucchetta P, Tregnaghi A, Cecchin D, Favia G, et al. Non-invasive adrenal imaging in primary aldosteronism. Sensitivity and positive predictive value of radiocholesterol scintigraphy, CT scan and MRI. Nucl Med Commun. 2003;24:683–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Lingam RK, Sohaib SA, Rockall AG, Isidori AM, Chew S, Monson JP, et al. Diagnostic performance of CT versus MR in detecting aldosterone-producing adenoma in primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome). Eur Radiol. 2004;14: 1787–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Doppman JL, Travis WD, Nieman L, Miller DL, Chrousos GP, Gomez MT, et al. Cushing syndrome due to primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease: findings at CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 1989;172:415–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Rossi GP, Chiesura-Corona M, Tregnaghi A, Zanin L, Perale R, Soattin S, et al. Imaging of aldosterone-secreting adenomas: a prospective comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in 27 patients with suspected primary aldosteronism. J Hum Hypertens. 1993;7:357–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Sohaib SA, Peppercorn PD, Allan C, Monson JP, Grossman AB, Besser GM, et al. Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome): MR imaging findings. Radiology. 2000;214:527–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Lingam RK, Sohaib SA, Vlahos I, Rockall AG, Isidori AM, Monson JP, et al. CT of primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome): the value of measuring the adrenal gland. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:843–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Lumachi F, Marzola MC, Zucchetta P, Tregnaghi A, Cecchin D, Favia G, et al. Non-invasive adrenal imaging in primary aldosteronism. Sensitivity and positive predictive value of radiocholesterol scintigraphy, CT scan and MRI. Nucl Med Commun. 2003;24:683–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Gross MD, Falke THM, Shapiro B, Sandler MP. Adrenal glands. In: Sandler MP, Patton JA, Gross MD, Shapiro B, Falke THM, editors. Endocrine imaging. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange; 1992. pp. 271–349.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Sheaves R, Goldin J, Reznek RH, Chew SL, Dacie JE, Lowe DG, et al. Relative value of computed tomography scanning and venous sampling in establishing the cause of primary hyperaldosteronism. Eur J Endocrinol. 1996;134:308–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Doppman JL, Gill JR. Hyperaldosteronism: sampling the adrenal veins. Radiology. 1996;198:309–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Blevins LS Jr, Wand WS. Primary aldosteronism: an endocrine perspective. Radiology. 1992;184:599–600.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Rockall AG, Babar SA, Sohaib SA, Isidori AM, Diaz-Cano S, Monson JP, et al. CT and MR imaging of the adrenal glands in ACTH-independent cushing syndrome. Radiographics. 2004;24:435–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Prager G, Heinz-Peer G, Passler C, Kaczirek K, Schindl M, Scheuba C, et al. Surgical strategy in adrenal masses. Eur J Radiol. 2002;41:70–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Symington T. The adrenal cortex. In: Bloodworth JMB Jr, editor. Endocrine pathology: general and surgical, 2nd ed. Baltimore: William and Wilkins. pp 444–52, 483.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Howlett TA, Drury PL, Perry L, Doniach I, Rees LH, Besser GM. Diagnosis and management of ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: comparison of the features in ectopic and pituitary ACTH production. Clin Endocrinol. 1986;24:699–713.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Vincent JM, Trainer PJ, Reznek RH, Marcus AJ, Dacie JE, Armstrong P, et al. The radiological investigation of occult ectopic ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. Clin Radiol. 1993;48:11–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Matsuda T, Abe H, Takase M, Arakawa A, Matsumoto T, Fujime M, et al. Case of combined adrenal cortical adenoma and myelolipoma. Pathol Int. 2004;54:725–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Hutter AM, Kayhoe DE. Adrenal cortical carcinoma. Am J Med. 1966;41:572–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Bodie B, Novick AC, Pontes JE, Straffon RA, Montie JE, Babiak T, et al. The Cleveland Clinic experience with adrenal cortical carcinoma. J Urol. 1989;141:257–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Tauchmanovà L, Colao A, Marzano LA, Sparano L, Camera L, Rossi A, et al. Adrenocortical carcinomas: twelve-year prospective experience. World J Surg. 2004;28:896–903.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Grant CS, Carney JA, Carpenter PC, van Heerden JA. Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease: diagnosis and management. Surgery. 1986;100:1178–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Bain J. Carney’s complex (letter). Mayo Clin Proc. 1986;61:508.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Peppercorn PD, Reznek RH. State-of-the-art CT and MRI of the adrenal gland. Eur Radiol. 1997;7:822–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Kirschner MA, Powell RD Jr, Lipsett MB. Cushing’s syndrome: nodular cortical hyperplasia of adrenal glands with clinical and pathological features suggesting adrenocortical tumor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1964;24:947–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Falke THM, van Seters AP, Schaberg A, Moolenaar AJ. Computed tomography in untreated adults with virilizing congenital adrenal cortical hyperplasia. Clin Radiol. 1986; 37:155–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wah, T., Guthrie, J., Joyce, A. (2009). Cross-Sectional Imaging of Adrenal Masses. In: de la Rosette, J.J., Manyak, M.J., Harisinghani, M.G., Wijkstra, H. (eds) Imaging in Oncological Urology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-759-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-759-6_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84628-514-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-759-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics