Abstract
Transposable genetic elements are considered to be ubiquitous. Despite this, their mutagenic capacity has been exploited in only a few species. The main plant species are maize, Antirrhinum, and Petunia. Representatives of all three major groups of class II elements, viz., hAT-, CACTA- and Mutator-like elements, have been identified in Petunia. Here we focus on the research “history” of the Petunia two-element Act1–dTph1 system and the development of its application in forward- and reverse-genetics studies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
McClintock B (1948) Mutable loci in maize. Carnegie Inst Washington Year Book 47:155–169
Berg DE, Howe MM (eds) (1989) Mobile DNA. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
Finnegan DJ (1989) Eukaryotic transposable elements and genome evolution. Trends Genet 5(4):103–107
Coen ES, Carpenter R (1986) Transposable elements in Antirrhinum majus: generators of genetic diversity. Trends Genet 2:292–296
Gierl A et al (1989) Maize transposable elements. Annu Rev Genet 23:71–85
Bennetzen JL et al (1993) Specificity and regulation of the mutator transposable element system in maize. Crit Rev Plant Sci 12(1–2):57–95
Gierl A, Frey M (1991) Eukaryotic transposable elements with short terminal inverted repeats. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1(4):494–497
Fedoroff NV et al (1984) Cloning of the bronze locus in maize by a simple and generalizable procedure using the transposable controlling element activator (AC). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81(12):3825–3829
Gierl A, Saedler H (1992) Plant-transposable elements and gene tagging. Plant Mol Biol 19(1):39–49
Osborne BI, Baker B (1995) Movers and shakers—maize transposons as tools for analyzing other plant genomes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 7(3):406–413
Das L, Martienssen R (1995) Site-selected transposon mutagenesis at the hcf106 locus in maize. Plant Cell 7(3):287–294
Koes R et al (1995) Targeted gene inactivation in petunia by PCR-based selection of transposon insertion mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(18):8149–8153
Finnegan EJ et al (1989) Transposable elements can be used to study cell lineages in transgenic plants. Plant Cell 1(8):757–764
Dellaporta S et al (1991) Cell lineage analysis of the gynoecium of maize using the transposable element Ac. Dev Suppl 1:141–147
Scheres B et al (1995) Mutations affecting the radial organization of the Arabidopsis root display specific defects throughout the embryonic axis. Development 121(1):53–62
Malinowski E, Sachs M (1916) Die vererbung einiger blumenfarben und blumengestalten bei petunia. Comptes Rendus Se. Soc. Sciet, Varsovie
Dale EE (1941) A reversible variegation in petunia. J Hered 32:123–126
Huits HSM et al (1995) Genetic characterization of Act1, the activator of a non-autonomous transposable element from Petunia hybrida. Theor Appl Genet 91:110–117x
McClintock B (1983) The significance of responses of the genome to challenge. Science 226:792–801
Bianchi F, De Boer R, Pompe AJ (1974) Investigation into spontaneous reversions in a dwarf mutant of Petunia-hybrida in connection with interpretation of results of transformation experiments. Acta Bot Neerl 23:691–700
Cornu A (1977) Induced unstable systems in petunia. Mutat Res 42:235–248
Hess D (1973) Versuche zur transformation an hoheren pflanzen: Untersuchungen zur realization des exosomen-modells der transformation bei Petunia hybrida. Z Pflanzenphysiol 68:432–440
Bianchi F et al (1978) Regulation of gene action in Petunia hybrida: unstable alleles of a gene for flower colour. Theor Appl Genet 53:157–167
Doodeman M et al (1984) Genetic analysis of instability in Petunia hybrida. 1. A highly unstable mutation induced by a transposable element inserted at the An1 locus for flower colour. Theor Appl Genet 67:345–355
Mulder RJP et al (1981) Dosage effect of a gene with a regulating effect on anthocyanin synthesis in a trisomic Petunia hybrida. Genetica 55(2):111–115
Doodeman M et al (1984) Genetic analysis of instability in Petunia hybrida. 4. The effect of environmental factors on the reversion rate of unstable alleles. Theor Appl Genet 69:489–495
Harrison BJ, Fincham JRS (1964) Instability at the Pa1 locus in Antirrhinum majus. 1. Effects of environment on frequencies of somatic and germinal mutation. Heredity 19:237–258
Martin C, Gerats T (1993) Control of pigment biosynthesis genes during petal development. Plant Cell 5:1253–1264
Gerats AGM, Farcy E, Wallroth M, Groot SPC, Schram A (1984) Control of anthocyanin synthesis in Petunia hybrida by multiple allelic series of the genes An1 and An2. Genetics 106(3):501–508
Doodeman M et al (1984) Genetic analysis of instability in Petunia hybrida. 2. Unstable mutations at different loci as the result of transpositions of the genetic element inserted at the An1 locus. Theor Appl Genet 67:357–366
Gerats A et al (1989) Gene tagging in Petunia-hybrida using homologous and heterologous transposable elements. Dev Genet 10:561–568
Gerats AGM et al (1985) A two-element system controls instability at the An3 locus in Petunia hybrida. Theor Appl Genet 70:245–247
Wijsman HJW (1986) Evidence for transposition in Petunia. Theor Appl Genet 71:791
Souer E et al (1998) Genetic control of branching pattern and floral identity during Petunia inflorescence development. Development 125:733–742
Gerats AG et al (1990) Molecular characterization of a nonautonomous transposable element (dTph1) of petunia. Plant Cell 2:1121–1128
Spelt C et al (2002) ANTHOCYANIN1 of Petunia controls pigment synthesis, vacuolar pH, and seed coat development by genetically distinct mechanisms. Plant Cell 14:2121–2135
Gerats T (2009) Identification and exploitation of Petunia transposable elements: a brief history. In: Strommer J, Gerats T (eds) Petunia. Springer, New York, pp 365–379
Stuurman J, Kuhlemeier C (2005) Stable two-element control of dTph1 transposition in mutator strains of Petunia by an inactive ACT1 introgression from a wild species. Plant J 41:945–955
De Keukeleire P et al (2004) A PCR-based assay to detect HAT-like transposon sequences in plants. Chromosome Res 12:117–123
Wessler S (1988) Phenotypic diversity mediated by the maize transposable elements Ac and Spm. Science 242:399–405
Van den Broeck D et al (1998) Transposon display identifies individual transposable elements in high copy number lines. Plant J 13:121–129
De Keukeleire P et al (2001) Analysis by transposon display of the behaviour of the dTph1 element family during ontogeny and inbreeding of Petunia hybrida. Mol Genet Genom 265:72–81
Vandenbussche M, Janssen A, Zethof J et al (2008) Generation of a 3D indexed petunia insertion database for reverse genetics. Plant J 54:1104–1114
Souer E, van Houwelingen A, Kloos D, Mol J, Koes R (1996) The no apical meristem gene of Petunia is required for pattern formation in embryos and flowers and is expressed at meristem and primordial boundaries. Cell 85:159–170
Cartolano M et al (2007) A conserved microRNA module exerts homeotic control over Petunia hybrida and Antirrhinum majus floral organ identity. Nat Genet 39:901–905
Ballinger DG, Benzer S (1989) Targeted gene mutations in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:9402–9406
Kaiser K, Goodwin SF (1990) “Site-selected” transposon mutagenesis of Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1686–1690
Maes T et al (2001) Petunia Ap2-like genes and their role in flower and seed development. Plant Cell 13:229–244
Souer E et al (1995) A general method to isolate genes tagged by a high copy number transposable element. Plant J 7:677–685
Vandenbussche M et al (2003) Toward the analysis of the petunia MADS box gene family by reverse and forward transposon insertion mutagenesis approaches: B, C, and D floral identity functions require SEPAllATA-like MADS box genes in petunia. Plant Cell 15:2680–2693
Margulies M et al (2005) Genome sequencing in micro-fabricated high-density picolitre reactors. Nature 437:376–380
Warren WD, Atkinson PW, O’Brochta DA (1995) The Australian bush fly Musca vetustissima contains a sequence related to transposons of the hobo, Ac and Tam3 family. Gene 154(1):133–134
Acknowledgments
It is with great pleasure and thankfulness that I acknowledge the contribution of so many to the development of the Petunia transposon system described here; in chronological order: Marcel Beld, Eli Vrijlandt, Eric Souer, Wim Veerman, Henk Huits, Ronald Koes, Jan Zethof, Tamara Maes, Dirk van den Broeck, Peter de Keukeleire, and Michiel Vandenbussche, to mention those most heavily involved. Funding for parts of this research was provided by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (H.H. and M.V.), the Flemish IWT (T.M., D.vd B. P.K.), the EC Biotech Program Bio4-CT97-2217 (M.V.), and a HORIZON grant (050-71-036) (M.V.) from the Netherlands Genomics Initiative; the development of the “454-TD” approach was performed in cooperation with Keygene (Wageningen).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Gerats, T., Zethof, J., Vandenbussche, M. (2013). Identification and Applications of the Petunia Class II Act1/dTph1 Transposable Element System. In: Peterson, T. (eds) Plant Transposable Elements. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1057. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-568-2_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-568-2_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-567-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-568-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols