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Markers of Inflammation

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Immunotoxicity Testing

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology™ ((MIMB,volume 598))

Abstract

Inflammation is a complex and necessary component of an organism’s response to biological, chemical or physical stimuli. In the acute phase, cells of the immune system migrate to the site of injury in a carefully orchestrated sequence of events that is mediated by cytokines and acute phase proteins. Depending upon the degree of injury, this acute phase may be sufficient to resolve the damage and initiate healing. Persistent inflammation as a result of prolonged exposure to stimulus or an inappropriate reaction to self molecules can lead to the chronic phase, in which tissue damage and fibrosis can occur. Chronic inflammation is reported to contribute to numerous diseases including allergy, arthritis, asthma, atherosclerosis, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, and cancer, and to conditions of aging. Hematology and clinical chemistry data from standard toxicology studies can provide an initial indication of the presence and sometimes location of inflammation in the absence of specific data on the immune tissues. These data may suggest more specific immune function assays are necessary to determine the existence or mechanism(s) of ­immunomodulation. Although changes in hematology dynamics, acute phase proteins, complement factors and cytokines are common to virtually all inflammatory conditions and can be measured by a variety of techniques, individual biomarkers have yet to be strongly associated with specific pathologic events. The specific profile in a given inflammatory condition is dependent upon species, mechanisms, severity, chronicity, and capacity of the immune system to respond and adapt.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Toxicology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA

    Dori R. Germolec & Rachel P. Frawley

  2. Clinical Pathology and Immunotoxicology, Schering Plough Research Institute, Research Triangle Park, Lafayette, NJ, USA

    Ellen Evans

Authors
  1. Dori R. Germolec
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  2. Rachel P. Frawley
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  3. Ellen Evans
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, U.S.A.

    Rodney R. Dietert

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© 2010 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

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Germolec, D.R., Frawley, R.P., Evans, E. (2010). Markers of Inflammation. In: Dietert, R. (eds) Immunotoxicity Testing. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 598. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-401-2_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-401-2_5

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  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-400-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-401-2

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