Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed protocol to assess disinfection efficacy of chlorine against Cryptosporidium oocysts including the core chlorine disinfection assay, the in vitro cell culture infectivity assay, and microscopy analysis and data interpretation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Snelling WJ, Lin Q, Moore JE, Millar BC, Tosini F, Pozio E, Dooley JS, Lowery CJ (2007) Proteomics analysis and protein expression during sporozoite excystation of Cryptosporidium parvum (Coccidia, Apicomplexa). Mol Cell Proteomics 6(2):346–355. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M600372-MCP200
Sow SO, Muhsen K, Nasrin D, Blackwelder WC, Wu Y, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, Sur D, Zaidi AK, Faruque AS, Saha D, Adegbola R, Alonso PL, Breiman RF, Bassat Q, Tamboura B, Sanogo D, Onwuchekwa U, Manna B, Ramamurthy T, Kanungo S, Ahmed S, Qureshi S, Quadri F, Hossain A, Das SK, Antonio M, Hossain MJ, Mandomando I, Nhampossa T, Acacio S, Omore R, Oundo JO, Ochieng JB, Mintz ED, O'Reilly CE, Berkeley LY, Livio S, Tennant SM, Sommerfelt H, Nataro JP, Ziv-Baran T, Robins-Browne RM, Mishcherkin V, Zhang J, Liu J, Houpt ER, Kotloff KL, Levine MM (2016) The burden of Cryptosporidium diarrheal disease among children <24 months of age in moderate/high mortality regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, utilizing data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(5):e0004729. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004729
MacKenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE, Kazmierczak JJ, Addiss DG, Fox KR, Rose JB et al (1994) A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med 331(3):161–167
Shirley DA, Moonah SN, Kotloff KL (2012) Burden of disease from cryptosporidiosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 25(5):555–563. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e328357e569
Hlavsa MC, Cikesh BL, Roberts VA, Kahler AM, Vigar M, Hilborn ED, Wade TJ, Roellig DM, Murphy JL, Xiao L, Yates KM, Kunz JM, Arduino MJ, Reddy SC, Fullerton KE, Cooley LA, Beach MJ, Hill VR, Yoder JS (2018) Outbreaks associated with treated recreational water—United States, 2000-2014. MMWR 67(19):547–551. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6719a3
Carpenter C, Fayer R, Trout J, Beach MJ (1999) Chlorine disinfection of recreational water for Cryptosporidium parvum. Emerg Infect Dis 5(4):579–584
Korich DG, Mead JR, Madore MS, Sinclair NA, Sterling CR (1990) Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, monochloramine, on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:1423–1428
Shields JM, Hill VR, Arrowood MJ, Beach MJ (2008) Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum under chlorinated recreational water conditions. J Water Health 6(4):513–520
Venczel LV, Arrowood M, Hurd M, Sobsey MD (1997) Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Clostridium perfringens spores by a mixed-oxidant disinfectant and by free chlorine. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:1598–1601
Murphy JL, Arrowood MJ, Lu X, Hlavsa MC, Beach MJ, Hill VR (2015) Effect of cyanuric acid on the inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum under hyperchlorination conditions. Environ Sci Technol 49(12):7348–7355. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00962
Shields JM, Arrowood MJ, Hill VR, Beach MJ (2009) The effect of cyanuric acid on the disinfection rate of Cryptosporidium parvum in 20-ppm free chlorine. J Water Health 7(1):109–114
Driedger AM, Rennecker JL, Mariñas BJ (2001) Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and monochloramine at low temperatures. Water Res 35(1):41–48
Keegan AR, Fanok S, Monis PT, Saint CP (2003) Cell culture-Taqman PCR assay for evaluation of Cryptosporidium parvum disinfection. Appl Environ Microbiol 69(5):2505–2511
Murphy JL, Haas CN, Arrowood MJ, Hlavsa MC, Beach MJ, Hill VR (2014) Efficacy of chlorine dioxide tablets on inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Environ Sci Technol 48(10):5849–5856. https://doi.org/10.1021/es500644d
Peeters JE, Mazas EA, Masschelein WJ, Martinez de Maturana IV, Debacker E (1989) Effects of disinfection of drinking water with ozone or chlorine dioxide on survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:1519–1522
Chauret CP, Radziminski CZ, Lepuil M, Creason R, Andrews RC (2001) Chlorine dioxide inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and bacterial spore indicators. Appl Environ Microbiol 67(7):2993–3001. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.7.2993-3001.2001
Ruffell KM, Rennecker JL, Mariñas BJ (2000) Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with chlorine dioxide. Water Res 34(3):868–876
Finch GR, Li H (1999) Inactivation of Cryptosporidium at 1°C using ozone or chlorine dioxide. Ozone Sci Eng 21(5):477–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/01919512.1999.10382886
Arrowood MJ (2002) In vitro cultivation of Cryptosporidium species. Clin Microbiol Rev 15(3):390–400
Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 9(7):671–675
Haas CN, Joffe J (1994) Disinfection under dynamic conditions: modification of Hom's model for decay. Environ Sci Technol 28(7):1367–1369. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00056a028
Haas CN, Kaymak B (2003) Effect of initial microbial density on inactivation of Giardia muris by ozone. Water Res 37(12):2980–2988. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00112-X
Arrowood MJ, Mead JR, Xie L, You X (1996) In vitro anticryptosporidial activity of dinitroaniline herbicides. FEMS Microbiol Lett 136(3):245–249
Gut J, Nelson RG (1999) Cryptosporidium parvum: synchronized excystation in vitro and evaluation of sporozoite infectivity with a new lectin-based assay. J Eukaryot Microbiol 46(5):56S–57S
Harlow E, Lane D (1988) Cell staining. In: Antibodies: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, p 418
Augustine PC (1980) Effects of polyions, Ca++, and enzymes on penetration of cultured cells by Eimeria meleagridis sporozoites. J Parasitol 66:498–501
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the expert assistance of Long Ti Xie, who helped to optimize the culture methods and parasite quantification in the immunofluorescence assays.
Disclosures: Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
1 Electronic Supplementary Material
Supplementary Data 1
(ZIP 1 kb)
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Murphy, J.L., Arrowood, M.J. (2020). Cell Culture Infectivity to Assess Chlorine Disinfection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Water. In: Mead, J., Arrowood, M. (eds) Cryptosporidium. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2052. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9748-0_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9748-0_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9747-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-9748-0
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols