Abstract
This chapter summarizes the application of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Since this book contains dedicated chapters on enantioseparations using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), or capillary electrochromatography (CEC), the application of polysaccharide-based materials in these modes of liquid-phase separation techniques is touched just superficially. Special emphasis is directed toward a discussion of the optimization of polysaccharide-based chiral selectors, their attachment onto the carrier, and the optimization of the support. The optimization of the separation of enantiomers based on various parameters such as mobile phase composition and temperature is discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Willstätter R (1904) Über einen Versuch zur Theorie des Färbens. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 37:3758–3760
Henderson GM, Rule HG (1939) A new method of resolving a racemic compound. J Chem Soc:1568–1573
Prelog V, Wieland P (1944) Über die Spaltung der Tröger'schen Base in optische Antipoden, ein Beitrag zur Stereochemie des dreiwertigen Stickstoffs. Helv Chim Acta 27:1127–1134
Kotake M, Sakan T, Nakamura N, Senoh S (1951) Resolution into optical isomers of some amino acids by paper chromatography. J Am Chem Soc 73:2973–2974
Mayer W, Merger F (1961) Darstellung optisch aktiver Catechine durch Racemattrennung mit Hilfe der Adsorptionschromatographie an Cellulose. Liebigs Ann Chem 644:65–69
Lüttringhaus A, Hess U, Rosenbaum HJ (1967) Conformational enantiomerism. I. Optically active 4,5,6,7-dibenzo-1,2-dithiacyclooctadiene. Z Naturforsch B 22:296–1300
Hesse G, Hagel R (1973) A complete separation of a racemic mixture by elution chromatography on cellulose triacetate. Chromatographia 6:277–280
Steckelberg W, Bloch M, Musso H (1968) Notiz zur Antipodentrennung von Biphenylderivaten durch Chromatographie. Chem Ber 101:1519–1521
Krebs H, Wagner JA, Diewald J (1956) Über die chromatographische Spaltung von Racematen III. Versuche zur Aktivierung organischer Hydroxy- und Aminoverbindungen mit asymmetrischem C-Atom. Chem Ber 89:1875–1883
Blaschke G (1980) Chromatographic resolution of racemates. Angew Chem Inl Ed Engl 19:13–24
Francotte E, Wolf RM, Lohmann D, Mueller R (1985) Chromatographic resolution of racemates on chiral stationary phases. I. Influence of the supramolecular structure of cellulose triacetate. J Chromatogr 347:25–37
Koller H, Rimböck K-H, Mannschreck A (1983) A high-pressure liquid chromatography on triacetylcellulose. Characterization of a sorbent for the separation of enantiomers. J Chromatogr 282:89–94
Okamoto Y, Kawashima M, Hatada K (1984) Useful chiral packing materials for high-performance liquid chromatographic resolution of enantiomers: Phenylcarbamates of polysaccharide coated on silica gel. J Am Chem Soc 106:5357–5359
Ikai T, Okamoto Y (2009) Structure control of polysaccharide derivatives for efficient separation of enantiomers by chromatography. Chem Rev 109:6077–6101
Okamoto Y, Kawashima M, Yamamoto K, Hatada K (1984) Useful chiral packing materials for high-performance liquid chromatographic resolution: cellulose triacetate and tribenzoate coated on silica gel. Chem Lett 13:739–740
Ikai T, Yamamoto C, Kamigaito M, Okamoto Y (2005) Enantioseparation by HPLC using phenylcarbonate, benzoylformate, p-toluenesulfonylcarbamate, and benzoylcarbamates of cellulose and amylose as chiral stationary phases. Chirality 17:299–304
Ichida A, Shibata T, Okamoto I, Yuki Y, Namikoshi H, Toda Y (1984) Resolution of enantiomers by HPLC on cellulose derivatives. Chromatographia 19:280–284
Okamoto Y, Aburatani R, Hatada K (1987) Chromatographic chiral resolution. XIV. Cellulose tribenzoate derivatives as chiral stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 389:95–102
Okamoto Y, Kawashima M, Hatada K (1986) Controlled chiral recognition of cellulose triphenylcarbamate derivatives supported on silica gel. J Chromatogr 363:173–186
Yamamoto C, Yamada K, Motoya K, Kamiya Y, Kamigaito M, Okamoto Y, Aratani T (2006) Preparation of HPLC chiral packing materials using cellulose tris(4-methylbenzoate) for the separation of chrysanthemate isomers. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 44:5087–5097
Okamoto Y, Aburatani R, Fukumoto T, Hatada K (1987) Useful chiral stationary phases for HPLC. Amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) and amylose tris(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate). Chem Lett 16:1857–1860
Chankvetadze B, Yashima E, Okamoto Y (1993) Tris(chloro- and methyl-disubstituted phenylcarbamate)s of cellulose as chiral stationary phases for chromatographic enantioseparation. Chem Lett 22:617–620
Chankvetadze B, Yashima E, Okamoto Y (1994) Chloro-methyl-phenylcarbamate derivatives of cellulose as chiral stationary phases for high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 670:39–49
Chankvetadze B, Yashima E, Okamoto Y (1995) Dimethyl-, dichloro- and chloromethyl-phenylcarbamate derivatives of amylose as chiral stationary phases for high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 694:101–109
Chankvetadze B, Chankvetadze L, Sidamonidze S, Kasashima E, Yashima E Okamoto Y (1997) 3-Fluoro-, 3-bromo-, and 3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamates of cellulose and amylose as chiral stationary phases for HPLC enantioseparation. J Chromatog A 787:67–77
Yamamoto, Okamoto Y (2004) Optically active polymers for chiral separation. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 77:227–257
Chankvetadze B, Chankvetadze L, Sidamonidze S, Yashima E, Okamoto Y (1996) High-performance liquid chromatography enantioseparation of chiral pharmaceuticals using tris(chloro-methylphenylcarbamate)s of cellulose. J Pharm Biomed Anal 14:1295–1303
Felix G (2001) Regioselectively modified polysaccharide derivatives as chiral stationary phases in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 906:171–184
Kaida Y, Okamoto Y (1993) Optical resolution on regioselectively carbamoylated cellulose and amylose with 3,5-dimethylphenyl and 3,5-dichlorophenyl isocyanates. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 66:2225–2232
Kondo S, Yamamoto C, Kamigaito M, Okamoto Y (2008) Synthesis and chiral recognition of novel regioselectively substituted amylose derivatives. Chem Lett 37:558–559
Francotte ER, Wolf W (1991) Benzoyl cellulose beads in the pure polymeric form as a new powerful sorbent for the chromatographic resolution of racemates. Chirality 3:43–55
Ikai T, Muraki R, Yamamoto C, Kamigaito M, Okamoto Y (2004) Cellulose derivative-based beads as chiral stationary phase for HPLC. Chem Lett 33:1188–1189
Ikai T, Yamamoto C, Kamigaito M, Okamoto Y (2008) Organic-inorganic hybrid materials for efficient enantioseparation using cellulose 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate and tetraethyl orthosilicate. Chem Asian J 3:1494–1499
Park J-H, Whang Y-C, Jung Y-J, Okamoto Y, Yamamoto C, Carr PW, McNeff CV (2003) Separation of racemic compounds on amylose and cellulose dimethylphenylcarbamate-coated zirconia in HPLC. J Sep Sci 26:1331–1336
Xu H, Zhang Y, Lu Q (2009) Polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases and method for their preparation, US Patent application number 0216006
Seo Y-J, Kang G-W, Park S-T, Moon M, Park J-H, Cheong W-J (2007) Titanized or zirconized porous silica modified with a cellulose derivative as new chiral stationary phases. Bull Kor Chem Soc 28:999–1004
Ling F, Brahmachary E, Xu M, Svec F, Fréchet JMJ (2003) Polymer-bound cellulose phenylcarbamate derivatives as chiral stationary phases for enantioselective HPLC. J Sep Sci 26:1337–1346
Chankvetadze B, Yamamoto C, Okamoto Y (2003) Very fast enantioseparations in HPLC using cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) as chiral stationary phase. Chem Lett 32:850–851
Chankvetadze B, Ikai T, Yamamoto C, Okamoto Y (2004) High-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparations on monolithic silica column containing covalently attached 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate derivative of cellulose. J Chromatogr A 1042:55–60
Guiochon G, Gritti F (2011) Shell particles, trials, tribulations and triumphs. J Chromatogr A 1218:1915–1938
Lomsadze K, Jibuti G, Farkas T, Chankvetadze B (2012) Comparative high-performance liquid chromatography enantioseparations on polysaccharide based chiral stationary phases prepared by coating totally porous and core-shell silica particles. J Chromatogr A 1234:50–55
Kharaishvili Q, Jibuti G, Farkas T, Chankvetadze B (2016) Further proof to the utility of polysaccharide-based chiral selectors in combination with superficially porous silica particles as effective chiral stationary phases for separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1467:163–168
Bezhitashvili L, Bardavelidze A, Ordjonikidze T, Farkas T, Chity M, Chankvetadze B (2017) Effect of pore-size optimization on the performance of polysaccharide-based superficially porous chiral stationary phases for separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1482:32–38
Bezhitashvili L, Bardavelidze A, Mskhiladze A, Volonterio A, Gumustas M, Ozkan S, Farkas T, Chankvetadze B (2018) Application of cellulose 3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate covalently immobilized on superficially porous silica for separation of enantiomers in ultra high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1571:132–139
Khundadze N, Pantsulaia S, Fanali C, Farkas T, Chankvetadze B (2018) On our way to sub-second separations of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1572:37–43
Okamoto Y, Aburatani R, Miura S, Hatada K (1987) Chiral stationary phases for HPLC: cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) and tris(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate) chemically bonded to silica gel. J Liq Chromatogr 10:1613–1628
Franco P, Senso A, Oliveros L, Minguillon C (2001) Covalently bonded polysaccharide derivatives as chiral stationary phases in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 906:155–170
Yashima E, Fukaya H, Okamoto Y (1994) 3,5-Dimethylphenylcarbamates of cellulose and amylose regioselectively bonded to silica gel as chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 677:11–19
Kimata K, Tsuboi R, Hosoya K, Tanaka N (1993) Chemically bonded chiral stationary phase prepared by the polymerization of cellulose p-vinylbenzoate. Anal Methods Instrum 1:23–29
Oliveros L, Lopez P, Minguillon C, Franco P (1995) Chiral chromatographic discrimination ability of a cellulose 3,5-dimethyl-phenylcarbamate/10-undecenoate mixed derivative fixed on several chromatographic matrices. J Liq Chromatogr 18:152–1532
Chen X, Jin W, Qin F, Liu Y, Zou H, Guo B (2003) Capillary electrochromatographic separation of enantiomers on chemically bonded type of cellulose derivative chiral stationary phases with a positively charged spacer. Electrophoresis 24:2559–2566
Enomoto N, Furukawa S, Ogasawara Y, Akano H, Kawamura Y, Yashima E, Okamoto Y (1996) Preparation of silica gel-bonded amylose trough enzyme-catalyzed polymerization and chiral recognition ability of its phenylcarbamate derivatives in HPLC. Anal Chem 68:2798–2804
Kubota T, Yamamoto C, Okamoto Y (2004) Phenylcarbamate derivatives of cellulose and amylose immobilized onto silica gel as chiral stationary phases for high performance liquid chromatography. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42:4704–4710
Chen X, Yamamoto C, Okamoto Y (2006) One-pot synthesis of polysaccharide 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamates having a random vinyl group for immobilization on silica gel as chiral stationary phases. J Sep Sci 29:1432–1439
Francotte E, Huynh D (2002) Immobilized halogenphenylcarbamate derivatives of cellulose as novel stationary phases for enantioselective drug analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 27:421–429
Francotte E, Huynh D, Zhang T (2016) Photochemically immobilized 4-methylbenzoyl cellulose as a powerful chiral stationary phase for enantioselective chromatography. Molecules 21 (12) article number 1740.
Chen X, Liu Y, Qin F, Kong L, Zou H (2003) Synthesis of covalently bonded cellulose derivative chiral stationary phases with a bifunctional reagent of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl isocyanate. J Chromatogr A 1010:185–194
Ikai T, Yamamoto C, Kamigaito M, Okamoto Y (2006) Efficient immobilization of cellulose phenylcarbamate bearing alkoxysilyl group onto silica gel by intermolecular polycondensation and its chiral recognition. Chem Lett 35:1250–1251
Ikai T, Yamamoto C, Kamigaito M, Okamoto Y (2007) Immobilization of polysaccharide derivatives onto silica gel. Facile synthesis of chiral packing materials by means of intermolecular polycondensation of triethoxysilyl groups. J Chromatogr A 1157:151–158
Shen J, Ikai T, Okamoto Y (2014) Synthesis and application of immobilized polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for enantioseparation by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1363:51–61
Ghanem A, Naim L (2006) Immobilized versus coated amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phases for the enantioselective separation of cyclopropane derivatives by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1101:171–178
Venthuyne N, Andreoli F, Fernandez S, Roussel C (2005) Reversal of elution order with immobilization of chiral selector, Poster presentation on 17-th International Symposium on Chirality, Parma, Italy, September 11–14
Tachibana K, Ohnishi A (2001) Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation of enantiomers on polysaccharide type chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 906:127–154
Chankvetadze B, Kartozia I, Yamamoto C, Okamoto Y (2002) Comparative enantioseparation of selected chiral drugs on four different polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phases using polar organic mobile phases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 27:467–478
Chankvetadze B, Yamamoto C, Okamoto Y (2000) HPLC Enantioseparation with cellulose tris(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate) in aqueous methanol as a mobile phase. Chem Lett 29:352–353
Chankvetadze B, Yamamoto C, Okamoto Y (2000) Enantioseparations using cellulose tris(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate) in high-performance liquid chromatography in common size and capillary columns: potential for screening of chiral compounds. Comb Chem High Trough Scr 3:497–508
Chankvetadze B, Yamamoto C, Okamoto Y (2000) Extremely high enantiomer recognition in HPLC separation of racemic 2-(benzylsulfinyl)benzamide using cellulose tris (3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate) as a chiral stationary phase. Chem Lett 29:1176–1177
Peng L, Jayapalan S, Chankvetadze B, Farkas T (2010) Reversed phase chiral HPLC and LC/MS analysis with tris(Chloromethylphenylcarbamate) derivatives of cellulose and amylose as chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 1217:6942–6955
Dossou KSS, Chiap P, Chankvetadze B, Servais AC, Fillet M, Crommen J (2009) Enantiomer resolution of basic pharmaceuticals using cellulose tris(4-chloro-3-methylphenylcarbamate) as chiral stationary phase and polar organic mobile phases. J Chromatogr A 1216:7450–7455
Dossou KSS, Chiap P, Chankvetadze B, Servais AC, Fillet M, Crommen J (2010) Optimization of chiral pharmaceuticals enantioseparation using a coated stationary phase with cellulose tris(4-chloro-3-methyl-phenylcarbamate) as chiral selector and non-aqueous polar mobile phase. J Sep Sci 33:1699–1707
Ates H, Mangelings D, Vander Heyden Y (2008) Chiral separations in polar organic solvent chromatography: updating a screening strategy with new chlorine-containing polysaccharide-based selectors. J Chromatogr B 875:57–64
Zhou L, Antonucci V, Biba M, Gong X, Ge Z (2010) Simultaneous enantioseparation of a basic active pharmaceutical ingredient compound and its neutral intermediate using reversed phase and normal phase liquid chromatography with a new type of polysaccharide stationary phase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 51:153–157
Francotte E, Jung M (1996) Enantiomer separation by open-tubular liquid chromatography and electrochromatography in cellulose-coated capillaries. Chromatographia 42:541–547
Wakita T, Chankvetadze B, Yamamoto C, Okamoto Y (2002) Chromatographic enantioseparation on capillary column containing covalently bound cellulose (3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate) as chiral stationary phase. J Sep Sci 25:167–169
Krause K, Girod M, Chankvetadze B, Blaschke G (1999) Enantioseparations in normal- and reversed-phase nano-HPLC and capillary electrochromatography using polyacrylamide and polysaccharide derivatives as chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 837:51–63
Meyring M, Chankvetadze B, Blaschke G (2000) Simultaneous separation and enantioseparation of thalidomide and its hydroxylated metabolites using high performance liquid chromatography in common-size columns, capillary liquid chromatography and nonaqueous capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 876:157–167
Kawamura K, Otsuka K, Terabe S (2001) Capillary electrochromatographic enantioseparations using a packed capillary with a 3 μm OD-type chiral packing. J Chromatogr A 924:251–257
Fanali S, D’Orazio G, Lomsadze K, Chankvetadze B (2008) Enantioseparations with cellulose(3-chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate) in nano liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr B 875:296–303
DomÃnguez-Vega E, Crego AL, Lomsadze K, Chankvetadze B, Marina ML (2011) Enantiomeric separation of FMOC-amino acids by nano-LC and CEC using a new chiral stationary phase, cellulose tris(3-chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate). Electrophoresis 32:2700–2707
Chankvetadze B, Yamamoto C, Tanaka N, Nakanishi K, Okamoto Y (2004) Enantioseparations on monolithic silica capillary column modified with cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate). J Sep Sci 27:905–911
Chankvetadze B, Kubota T, Ikai T, Yamamoto C, Tanaka N, Nakanishi K, Okamoto Y (2006) High-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparations on capillary columns containing crosslinked polysaccharide phenylcarbamate derivatives attached to monolithic silica. J Sep Sci 29:1988–1995
Chankvetadze B, Yamamoto C, Kamigaito M, Tanaka N, Nakanishi K, Okamoto Y (2006) High-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparations on capillary columns containing monolithic silica modified with amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate). J Chromatogr A 1110:46–52
Zhang Z, Wu R, Wu M, Zou H (2010) Recent progress of chiral monolithic stationary phases in CEC and capillary LC. Electrophoresis 31:1457–1466
Francotte E (2001) Enantioselective chromatography as a powerful alternative for the preparation of drug enantiomers. J Chromatogr A 906:379–397
Leek H, Thunberg L, Jonson AC, Öhlén K, Klarqvist M (2017) Strategy for large-scale isolation of enantiomers in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 22:133–139
Shen J, Okamoto Y (2016) Efficient separation of enantiomers using Stereoregular chiral polymers. Chem Rev 116:1094–1138
Padró JM, Keunchkarian S (2018) State-of-the-art and recent developments of immobilized polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for enantioseparations by high-performance liquid chromatography (2013–2017). Microchim J 140:142–157
Lomsadze K, Merlani M, Barbakadze V, Farkas T, Chankvetadze B (2012) Enantioseparation of chiral epoxides with polysaccharide-based chiral columns in HPLC. Chromatographia 75:839–845
Pinaka A, Vougioukalakis GC, Dimotikali D, Yannakopoulou E, Chankvetadze B, Papadopoulos K (2013) Green asymmetric synthesis: β-amino alcohol-catalyzed direct asymmetric aldol reactions in aqueous micelles. Chirality 25:119–125
Matarashvili I, Shvangiradze I, Chankvetadze L, Sidamonidze S, Takaishvili N, Farkas T, Chankvetadze B (2015) High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of stereoisomers of chiral triazole derivatives with polysaccharide-based chiral columns and polar organic mobile phases. J Sep Sci 38:4173–4179
Chankvetadze L, Ghibradze N, Karchkhadze M, Peng L, Farkas T, Chankvetadze B (2011) Enantiomer elution order reversal of FMOC-isoleucine by variation of mobile phase temperature and composition. J Chromatogr A 1218:6554–6560
Okamoto M (2002) Reversal of elution order during the chiral separation in high performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 27:401–407
Cirilli R, Ferretti R, Gallinella B, Zanitti L, La Torre F (2004) A new application of stopped-flow chiral HPLC: inversion of enantiomer elution order. J Chromatogr A 1061:27–34
Wang F, O’Brien T, Dowling T, Bicker G, Wyvratt J (2002) Unusual effect of column temperature on chromatographic enantioseparation of dihydropyrimidinone acid and methyl ester on amylose chiral stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 958:69–77
Ma S, Shen S, Lee H, Eriksson M, Zeng X, Xu J, Fandrick K, Yee N, Senanayake C, Grinberg N (2009) Mechanistic studies on the chiral recognition of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases using liquid chromatography and vibrational circular dichroism. Reversal of elution order of N-substituted alpha-methyl phenylalanine esters. J Chromatogr A 1216:3784–3793
Dossou KSS, Edorh PA, Chiap P, Chankvetadze B, Servais A-C, Fillet M, Crommen J (2011) LC method for the enantiomeric purity determination of S-amlodipine with the special emphasis on the reversal of the enantiomer elution order using chlorinated cellulose-based chiral stationary phases and polar non-aqueous mobile phases. J Sep Sci 34:1772–1780
Chankvetadze B, Yamamoto C, Okamoto Y (2001) Enantioseparation of selected chiral sulfoxides using polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phases and polar organic, polar aqueous-organic and normal-phase eluents. J Chromatogr A 922:127–137
Matarashvili I, Ghughunishvili D, Chankvetadze L, Takaishvili N, Tsintsadze M, Khatiashvili T, Farkas T, Chankvetadze B (2017) Separation of enantiomers of chiral weak acids with polysaccharide-based chiral columns and aqueous mobile phases in high-performance liquid chromatography: typical reversed-phase behavior? J Chromatogr A 1483:86–92
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Chankvetadze, B. (2019). Polysaccharide-Based Chiral Stationary Phases for Enantioseparations by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: An Overview. In: Scriba, G.K.E. (eds) Chiral Separations. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1985. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_6
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9437-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-9438-0
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols