Abstract
The United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) regulatory review process for the introduction of genetically modified (GM) plant events has been the subject of extraordinary judicial scrutiny for the past 7 years. The process began in 2007 with a decision from the District Court for the Northern District of California vacating the USDA’s deregulation of Roundup Ready Alfalfa (RRA) (the Geertson I litigation).
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Notes
- 1.
Geertson Seed Farms v. Johanns, 2007 WL 518624 at *12 (N.D.Cal. Feb. 13, 2007).
- 2.
Center for Food Safety et al. v. Vilsack, ____ F. 3d ____ (9th Cir., dec. May 17, 2013).
- 3.
CFS v. Vilsack, dec. 9/21/09 and 8/13/10 (CFS I); CFS v. Vilsack, (CFS II) and Grant v. Vilsack (CFS III).
- 4.
7 U.S.C. § 7701 et seq.
- 5.
7 U.S.C § 7702(14).
- 6.
7 C.F.R. Part 340.
- 7.
7 C.F.R. Part 372.
- 8.
16 U.S.C. § 1531.
- 9.
5 U.S.C. Section 706.
- 10.
APA Section 706 authorizes reviewing courts to inter alia set aside agency action that is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” “without observance of procedure required by law,” and “unsupported by substantial evidence.”
- 11.
Geertson Seed Farms v. Johanns, 570 F. 3d 1130, 1133–34 (9th Cir. 2009).
- 12.
Monsanto Co. et al. v. Geertson Seed Farms et al., 130 S. Ct. 2743 (2010).
- 13.
Center for Food Safety, et al. v. Vilsack, 2013 U.S. App. LEXIS 9920, 43 ELR 20111, 2013 WL 2128324 (9th Cir. Cal. 2013).
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Bryson, N. (2016). Lessons from the Legal Cases of GM Alfalfa and Sugar Beet Deregulation in the United States. In: Kalaitzandonakes, N., Phillips, P., Wesseler, J., Smyth, S. (eds) The Coexistence of Genetically Modified, Organic and Conventional Foods. Natural Resource Management and Policy, vol 49. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3727-1_10
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3727-1_10
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