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Signal Processing

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Listening in the Ocean

Part of the book series: Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing ((MASP))

Abstract

We examine some methods commonly used for analyzing marine bioacoustic recordings. Filtering techniques are used to prevent aliasing, to remove certain types of noise, to flatten the spectrum of ocean noise before recording, and so on. Filter design necessarily requires making choices that affect trade-offs among various desirable filter properties. Detection and classification are used for analyzing large data sets. They often start with signal conditioning, which can adjust the spectrum, standardize signal level, and remove some types of noise. They proceed by calculating numerical acoustic features and using them to decide whether a given sound is present (detection) or to choose which of several categories a vocalization belongs to (classification). A variety of methods for detection and classification are briefly described, with the choice depending both on the nature of the sound(s) and the noise as well as on the task to be solved. Detectors operate in the time domain or on a time–frequency representation, with different ones appropriate for different call types. Classifiers are characterized as either generative or discriminative, as parametric or nonparametric, and as supervised or non-supervised. Performance of detection and classification can be evaluated in several ways, including receiver operating characteristic curves and precision/recall statistics. Localization of calling animals is usually performed using time differences of arrival of sounds at several hydrophones; a variety of methods are available, with the best choice depending on the characteristics of the sound and the acoustic environment. The most accurate localization methods use acoustic propagation modeling to estimate travel times. Several software packages are reviewed for filtering, detection, classification, and localization.

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Acknowledgements

This chapter was produced in part with funding from the Office of Naval Research for the “Advanced Detection, Classification, and Localization” project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR, 97365, USA

    David K. Mellinger & Holger Klinck

  2. Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182-7720, USA

    Marie A. Roch

  3. School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1680 East–west Road, Honolulu, HI, 81622, USA

    Eva-Marie Nosal

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  1. David K. Mellinger
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Correspondence to David K. Mellinger .

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  1. Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, Hawaii, USA

    Whitlow W. L. Au

  2. Hawaii Inst of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, Hawaii, USA

    Marc O. Lammers

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Mellinger, D.K., Roch, M.A., Nosal, EM., Klinck, H. (2016). Signal Processing. In: Au, W., Lammers, M. (eds) Listening in the Ocean. Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3176-7_15

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