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Chloroplast Gene Expression—RNA Synthesis and Processing

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Plastid Biology

Part of the book series: Advances in Plant Biology ((AIPB,volume 5))

Abstract

Both transcription and transcript processing are more complex in chloroplasts than in bacteria. Plastid genes are transcribed by a plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) and one (monocots) or two (dicots) nuclear-encoded RNA polymerase(s) (NEP). PEP is a bacterial-type multisubunit enzyme composed of core subunits (coded for by the plastid rpoA, B, C1 and C2 genes) and additional protein factors encoded in the nuclear genome. The nuclear genome of Arabidopsis contains six genes for sigma factors required by PEP for promoter recognition. NEP activity is represented by phage-type RNA polymerases. Factors supporting NEP activity have not been identified yet. NEP and PEP use different promoters. Both types of RNA polymerase are active in proplastids and all stages of chloroplast development. PEP is the dominating transcriptase in chloroplasts.

Chloroplast RNA processing consists of hundreds of mostly independent events. In recent years, much progress has been made in identifying factors behind RNA splicing and RNA editing. Namely, pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins have come into focus as RNA binding proteins conferring specificity to individual processing events. Also, studies on chloroplast RNases have helped considerably to understand chloroplast RNA turnover. Such mechanistic insights are set in contrast to how little we know about the regulatory role of RNA processing in chloroplasts.

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Abbreviations

CRS2:

Chloroplast RNA splicing 2 protein

IR:

Inverted repeat

NEP:

Nuclear-encoded plastid RNA polymerase

Nt:

Nucleotides

PEP:

Plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase

PPR:

Pentatricopeptide repeat

TAC:

Transcriptionally active chromosome

TFs:

Transcription factors

TPR:

Tetratricopeptide repeat

TSSs:

Transcription start sites

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Acknowledgements

The experimental work of the authors was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 429 to TB and CSL; Emmy-Noether-Program to CSL). PZ was a fellow of the Helmholtz Graduate School “Molecular Cell Biology” at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. We are very grateful to Konrad Förstner (Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Germany) for support in the preparation of Fig. 1.2.

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  1. Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Chausseestr. 117, 10115, Berlin, Germany

    Thomas Börner, Petya Zhelyazkova, Julia Legen & Christian Schmitz-Linneweber

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  1. Thomas Börner
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  2. Petya Zhelyazkova
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  3. Julia Legen
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  4. Christian Schmitz-Linneweber
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Correspondence to Christian Schmitz-Linneweber .

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  1. Department of Plant Biology, Univeristy of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA

    Steven M. Theg

  2. Physiologie Membranaire et Moléculaire du Chloroplaste, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France

    Francis-André Wollman

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Börner, T., Zhelyazkova, P., Legen, J., Schmitz-Linneweber, C. (2014). Chloroplast Gene Expression—RNA Synthesis and Processing. In: Theg, S., Wollman, FA. (eds) Plastid Biology. Advances in Plant Biology, vol 5. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1136-3_1

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