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Nuclear Envelope: Connecting Structural Genome Organization to Regulation of Gene Expression

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Cancer Biology and the Nuclear Envelope

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 773))

Abstract

For many years, the nuclear envelope was viewed as a passive barrier that separates the genetic material in the nucleus from the cytoplasm of the cell and permits regulated trafficking of various molecules through the nuclear pores. Research in the past two decades has shown that the nuclear envelope is a complex cellular compartment, which harbors tissue-specific resident proteins, extensively interacts with chromatin and contributes to spatial genome organization and regulation of gene expression. Chromatin at the nuclear periphery is organized into active and silenced domains punctuated by insulator elements. The nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins and the nuclear lamina serve as anchoring sites for heterochromatin. They recruit chromatin that has been modified with specific epigenetic marks, provide silencing factors that add new epigenetic modifications to genes located at the nuclear periphery, and sequester transcription factors away from the nuclear interior. On the other hand, proteins of the nuclear pores anchor as well as help generate active chromatin, promote transcription, and coordinate gene expression with mRNA export. The importance of these functions is underscored by aberrant distribution of peripheral chromatin and changes in gene expression that occur in cancer and heritable human diseases linked to mutations in nuclear envelope proteins. Although many mechanistic questions addressing the role of the nuclear envelope in genome organization and function have been answered in recent years, a great deal remains to be discovered in this exciting and rapidly moving field.

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Abbreviations

BAF:

Barrier-to-autointegration factor

EDMD:

Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy

HP1:

Heterochromatin protein 1

HDAC3:

Histone deacetylase 3

HGPS:

Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome

INM:

Inner nuclear membrane

IPTG:

Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside

lacO:

Lac operator repeats

lacI:

Bacterial lac repressor

NE:

Nuclear envelope

NET:

Nuclear envelope transmembrane protein

NPC:

Nuclear pore complex

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  1. The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK

    Irina Stancheva & Eric C. Schirmer

  2. Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Michael Swann Building, Room 4.22, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK

    Irina Stancheva

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    Eric C. Schirmer

  2. University of Edinburgh Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

    Jose I. de las Heras

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Stancheva, I., Schirmer, E.C. (2014). Nuclear Envelope: Connecting Structural Genome Organization to Regulation of Gene Expression. In: Schirmer, E., de las Heras, J. (eds) Cancer Biology and the Nuclear Envelope. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 773. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8032-8_10

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