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Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis in the Postnatal Hypothalamus: A New Level of Plasticity for the Regulation of Hypothalamic Function?

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Endogenous Stem Cell-Based Brain Remodeling in Mammals

Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL))

Abstract

Plasticity is a fundamental property of the mature brain. An extreme case of structural plasticity is provided by neurogenesis and gliogenesis, in which new neurons and glial cells differentiate from neural stem/progenitor cells and functionally integrate into existing cellular networks and contribute to their functions. Besides the two well-established neurogenic areas of the mammalian brain, the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, the ability of other brain regions to generate new cells, particularly neurons, has been viewed with skepticism. Nevertheless, the last 15 years have seen an accumulation of studies that consistently report the generation of new cells within the hypothalamus, a small brain structure that is key to the homeostatic control of several vital physiological functions. Here, we review current data showing that the mammalian hypothalamus maintains its neurogenic and gliogenic activity throughout postnatal life. More importantly, newly generated hypothalamic neurons appear to functionally integrate into neuronal circuits and actively participate in the regulation of a major hypothalamic function, the central control of feeding and metabolism.

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Abbreviations

AgRP:

Agouti-related peptide

APC:

Adenomatosis polyposis coli

Ara-C:

Cytosine-β-d-arabinofuranoside

ARC:

Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

AVPV:

Anteroventral periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

BLBP:

Brain lipid-binding protein

BrdU:

5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine

CNPase:

2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase

CNTF:

Ciliary neurotrophic factor

CVOs:

Circumventricular organs

Dcx:

Doublecortin

DMH:

Dorsomedial hypothalamus

E:

Embryonic day

EdU:

5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

FACS:

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting

FGF2:

Fibroblast growth factor 2

FGF10:

Fibroblast growth factor 10

GalC:

Galactocerebrosidase

GFAP:

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

GLAST:

Glutamate/aspartate transporter

GnRH:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Gpr50:

G-protein-coupled receptor 50

HFD:

High-fat diet

i.c.v.:

Intracerebroventricular

IGF-I:

Insulin-like growth factor I

IKKβ:

IκB kinase β

IL-1β:

Interleukin 1β

LHA:

Lateral hypothalamic area

Lhx2:

LIM homeobox 2

MAP2:

Microtubule-associated protein 2

ME:

Median eminence

MSG:

Monosodium glutamate

NeuN:

Neuron-specific nuclear protein

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor-κB

NPY:

Neuropeptide Y

OVLT:

Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis

PCNA:

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PLP:

Myelin proteolipid protein

POMC:

Pro-opiomelanocortin

Rax:

Retina and anterior neural fold homeobox

SDN:

Sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area

SGZ:

Subgranular zone

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

SVZ:

Subventricular zone

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor α

TrkB:

The high-affinity receptor for BDNF

TUNEL:

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling

VMH:

Ventromedial hypothalamus

YFP:

Yellow fluorescent protein

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm, France) Grant U837, the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (Equipe FRM 2005 and DEQ20130326524), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) grant ANR-09-BLAN-0267, the Université Lille 2, and the IFR114, in addition to a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF, grant IOS1121691) to SRO. We thank Dr. S. Rasika for the editing of our manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, Unit 837, University of Lille 2, School of Medicine, Lille, France

    Ariane Sharif & Vincent Prevot

  2. Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center-Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA

    Sergio R. Ojeda

Authors
  1. Ariane Sharif
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  2. Sergio R. Ojeda
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  3. Vincent Prevot
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ariane Sharif or Vincent Prevot .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. French Institute of Health and Medical Research U1130, French National Center for Scientific Research, Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University, Paris, France

    Marie-Pierre Junier

  2. Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

    Steven G. Kernie

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Sharif, A., Ojeda, S.R., Prevot, V. (2014). Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis in the Postnatal Hypothalamus: A New Level of Plasticity for the Regulation of Hypothalamic Function?. In: Junier, MP., Kernie, S. (eds) Endogenous Stem Cell-Based Brain Remodeling in Mammals. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7399-3_6

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