Skip to main content

Neuropsychological Models of Learning Disabilities

Contribution to Remediation

  • Chapter
Handbook of Clinical Child Neuropsychology

Part of the book series: Critical Issues in Neuropsychology ((CINP))

Abstract

The term model is defined by Kuhn (1970) as “the entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques, and so on shared by the members of a given community. . . . It denotes one sort of element in that constellation, the concrete puzzle-solutions which . . . can replace explicit rules as a basis for the solution of the remaining puzzles of normal science” (p. 175). Furthermore, a paradigm or a model “need not, and in fact never does, explain all the facts with which it can be confronted” (p. 18). Based on these premises, the present chapter examines several neuropsychological models of learning disabilities and assesses their contribution to the remediation of learning-disabled children. In particular, the emphasis is on neuropsychological models as problem-solving approaches that may explain specific reading disabilities in children. These individuals or children with developmental dyslexia are those with severe difficulties with reading conceptualized as an internalized form of language.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Affolter, F., and Stricker, E. (Eds.). (1980). Perceptual processes as prerequisites for complex human behaviour: A theoretical model and its application to therapy. Bern: Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayres, A. J. (1972). Sensory integration and learning disorders. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, D. J. (1973). Hemispheric specialization and stages in the learning to read process. Bulletin of the Orton Society, 23, 15–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, D. J. (1979). Hemispheric differences and reading strategies: Two dyslexias? Bulletin of the Orton Society, 29, 84100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, D. J. (1984). The brain as a dependent variable. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 1–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, D. J., and Licht, R. (1986). Learning to read: Changing horses in mid-stream. In G. T. Pavlidis and D. E. Fisher (Eds.), Dyslexia: Its neuropsychology and treatment (pp. 87–95 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, D. J., Licht, R., Kok, A., and Bouma, A. (1980). Cortical responses to word reading by right-and left-eared normal and reading-disturbed children. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, D. J., Moerland, R., and Goekoop-Hoefkens, M. (1981). Effects of hemisphere-specific stimulation on the reading performance of dyslexic boys: A pilot study. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 3, 155–159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, D. J., Smink, T., and Reitsma, P. (1973). Ear dominance and reading ability. Cortex, 9, 301–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, D. J., and Vinke, J. (1985). Effects of hemisphere-specific stimulation on brain activity and reading in dyslexics. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7, 503–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron, J., Treiman, R., Wilf, J. F., and Kellman, P. (1980). Spelling and reading by rules. In U. Frith (Ed.), Cognitive processes in spelling (pp. 159–194). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beauvois, M.-F., and Derouesné, J. (1979). Phonological alexia: Three dissociations. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 42, 1115–1124.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beauvois, M.-F., and Derouesné, I. (1981). Lexical or orthographic dysgraphia. Brain, 104, 21–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benton, A. L., and Pearl, D. (Eds.). (1978). Dyslexia: An appraisal of current knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, L., and Bryant, P. (1985). Rhyme and reason in reading and spelling. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chall, J., and Mirsky, A. F. (Eds.). (1978). Education and the brain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowder, R. G. (1984). Is it just reading? Comments on the papers by Mann, Morrison and Wolford and Fowler. Developmental Review, 4, 48–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruickshank, W. M. (1975). The learning environment. In W. M. Cruickshank and D. P. Hallahan (Eds.), Perceptual and learning disabilities in children (Vol. 1, pp. 227–277 ). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, J., and Das, J. P. (1977). Cognitive processing and reading difficulties: A framework for research. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 23, 245–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, J., and Das, J. P. (1978). Simultaneous and successive linguistic processes. International Journal of Psychology, 13, 129–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, J. P. (1980). Planning: Theoretical considerations and empirical evidence. Psychological Research, 41, 141–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, J. P. (1984). Simultaneous and successive processes and K-ABC. Journal of Special Education, 18, 229–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, J. P., and Heemsbergen, D. B. (1983). Planning as a factor in the assessment of cognitive processes. Journal of Psycho-educational Assessment, 1, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, J. P., Kirby, J., and Jarman, R. (1975). Simultaneous and successive synthesis: An alternative model for cognitive abilities. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 87–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, J. P., Kirby, J. R., and Jarman, R. (1979). Simultaneous and successive cognitive processes. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, J. P., Leong, C. K., and Williams,. N. H. (1978). The rela-tionship between learning disability and simultaneous-suc-cessive processing. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2, 618–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denckla, M. B. (1983). Learning for language and language for learning. In U. Kirk (Ed.), Neuropsychology of language, reading, and spelling (pp. 33–43 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doehring, D. G. (1984). Subtyping of reading disorders: Implications for remediation. Annals of Dyslexia, 34, 205–216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doehring, D. G., Trites, R. L., Patel, P. G., and Fiedorowicz, C. A. M. (1981). Reading disabilities: The interaction of reading, language, and neuropsychological deficits. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, M. (1978). Children’s minds. Glasgow: Fontana/Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donders, J., and van der Vlugt, H. (1984). Eye-movement patterns in disabled readers at two age levels: A test of Bakker’s balance model. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 241–256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Downing, J., and Leong, C. K. (1982). Psychology of reading. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downing, J., and Valtin, R. (Eds.). (1984). Language awareness and learning to read. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duane, D. D., and Leong, C. K. (Eds.). (1985). Understanding learning disabilities: International and multidisciplinary views. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, F. H., Denckla, M. B., Bartels, P. H., and Sandini, G. (1980). Dyslexia: Regional differences in brain electrical activity by topographic mapping. Annals of Neurology, 7, 412–420.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, F. H., Denckla, M. B., Bartels, P. H., Sandini, G., and Kiessling, L. S. (1980). Dyslexia: Automated diagnosis by computerized classification of brain electrical activity. Annals of Neurology, 7, 421–428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, F. H., and McAnulty, G. B. (1985). Brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM): The search for a physiological signature of dyslexia. In F. H. Duffy and N. Geschwind (Eds.), Dyslexia: A neuroscientific approach to clinical evaluation (pp. 105–122 ). Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elkonin, D. B. (1963). The psychology of mastering the elements of reading. In B. Simon and J. Simon (Eds.), Educational psychology in the U.S.S.R. (pp. 165–179 ). London: Rout-ledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elkonin, D. B. (1973). U.S.S.R. In J. Downing (Ed.), Comparative reading (pp. 551–579 ). New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A. W., Miller, D., and Sin, G. (1983). Wernicke’s aphasia and normal language processing: A case study in cognitive neuropsychology. Cognition, 15, 111–144.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, J. M., Satz, P., and Morris, R. (1984). The Florida longitudinal project: A review. In S. A. Mednick, M. A. Harway, and K. M. Finello (Eds.), Handbook of longitudinal research (pp. 280–304 ). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frith, U. (1978). From print to meaning and from print to sound or how to read without knowing how to spell. Visible Language, 12, 43–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frith, U. (1979). Reading by eye and writing by ear. In P. A. Kolers, M. E. Wrolstad, and H. Bouma (Eds.), Processing of visible language (Vol. 1, pp. 379–390). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frith, U. (1980). Unexpected spelling problems, In U. Frith (Ed.), Cognitive processes in spelling (pp. 495–515 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geschwind, N., and Galaburda, A. M. (1985). Cerebral lateralization. Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: II. A hypothesis and a program for research. Archives of Neurology, 42, 521–552.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gladstone, M., and Best, C. T. (1985). Developmental dyslexia: The potential role of interhemispheric collaboration in reading acquisition. In C. T. Best (Ed.), Hemispheric function and collaboration in the child (pp. 87–118 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, E., and Costa, L. D. (1981). Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems. Brain and Language, 14, 144–173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, F. K., and Kendall, B. S. (1946). Performance, of brain-damaged cases on a memory-for-designs test. Journal ofAbnormal Social Psychology, 41, 301–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, F. K., and Kendall, B. S. (1960). Memory-for-Designs test: Revised general manual. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 11, 147–188 (Monograph Suppl. No. 2-VII).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiscock, M., and Kinsbourne, M. (1987). Specialization of the cerebral hemispheres: Implications for learning. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 20, 130–143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, E. (1974). Quote the Raven? Never more! In L. Gregg (Ed.), Knowledge and cognition (pp. 129–157 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ilg, F. L., and Ames, L. B. (1964). School readiness: Behavior tests used at the Gesell Institute. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inhelder, B., and Piaget, J. (1964). The early growth of logic in the child: Classification and seriation (translated by A. E. Lunzer and D. Papert). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G., and Sörbom, D. (1984). LISREL VI: Analysis of linear structural relationships by the method of maximum likelihood. Chicago: Scientific Software.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, A., and Kaufman, N. (1983). The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children: Interpretive manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kershner, J., Cummings, R. L., and Clarke, K. A. (1986). Two year evaluation of the Tomatis Listening Training Program with learning disabled children. Toronto: The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsbourne, M., and Hiscock, M. (1983). The normal and deviant development of functional lateralization of the brain. In M. M. Haith and J. J. Campos (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 157–280 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirby, J. R., and Das, J. P. (1977). Reading achievement, IQ, and simultaneous-successive processing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69, 564–570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirby, J. R., and Das, J. P. (1978). Skills underlying Coloured Progressive Matrices. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 24, 94–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirby, J. R., and Robinson, G. L. W. (1987). Simultaneous and successive processing in reading disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 20, 243–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, S. A., McCarthy, J. J., and Kirk, W. (1968). Examiner’s manual: Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (rev. ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knights, R. M., and Bakker, D. J. (Eds.). (1976). The neuropsychology of learning disorders: Theoretical approaches. Baltimore: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krywaniuk, L. W., and Das, J. P. (1976). Cognitive strategies in native children: Analysis and intervention. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 22, 271–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed. enlarged). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lassen, N. A., Ingvar, D. H., and Skint, E. (1978). Brain func- tion and blood flow. Scientific American, 239, 62–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, M. J., and Kirby, J. R. (1981). Training in information processing algorithms. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 51, 321–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leasak, J., Hunt, D., and Randhawa, B. S. (1982). Cognitive processing, intervention and achievement. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 28, 257–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C. K. (1976). Lateralization in severely disabled readers in relation to functional cerebral development and synthesis of information. In R. M. Knights and D. J. Bakker (Eds.), The neuropsychology of learning disorders (pp. 221–231 ). Baltimore: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C. K. (1980). Cognitive patterns of `retarded’ and below-average readers. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 5, 101–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C. K. (1982). Promising areas of research into learning disabilities with emphasis on reading disabilities. In J. P. Das, R. F. Mulcahy, and A. E. Wall (Eds.), Theory and research in learning disabilities (pp. 3–26 ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C. K. (1984). Cognitive processing, language awareness, and reading in grade 2 and grade 4 children. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 9, 369–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C. K. (1986). The role of language awareness in reading proficiency. In G. Pavlidis and D. F. Fisher (Eds.), Dyslexia: Its neuropsychology and treatment (pp. 131–148 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C. K. (1987). Children with specific reading disabilities. Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C. K., and Carrier, J. C. (1986). Readers’ comprehension of ambiguous sentences. International Journal of Experimental Research in Education, 23, 218–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C. K., Cheng, S. C., and Das, J. P. (1985). Simultaneous-successive syntheses and planning in Chinese readers. International Journal of Psychology, 20, 19–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C. K., Cheng, S. C., Lundberg, I., Olofsson, A., and Mulcahy, R. (submitted). The effects of cognitive processing, language access on academic performance-Linear structural equation modelling.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C. K., and Haines, C. F. (1978). Beginning readers’ awareness of words and sentences. Journal of Reading Behavior, 10, 393–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C. K., and Sheh, S. (1982). Knowing about language-Some evidence from readers. Annals of Dyslexia, 32, 149161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, H. N. (1980). A solution to the riddle dyslexia. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, I. Y. (1983). A language-oriented view of reading and its disabilities. In H. R. Myklebust (Ed.), Progress in learning disabilities (Vol. V, pp. 81–101 ). New York: Grune and Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, I. Y., Shankweiler, D., Liberman, A. M., Fowler, C., and Fischer, F. W. (1977). Phonetic segmentation and recoding in the beginning reader. In A. S. Reber and D. L. Scarborough (Eds.), Toward a psychology of reading (pp. 207–225 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg, I. (1985). Longitudinal studies of reading and reading difficulties in Sweden. In G. E. Mackinnon and T. G. Waller (Eds.), Reading research: Advances in theory and practice (Vol. 4, pp. 65–105 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1946). On the pathology of grammatical operations [in Russian]. Izvestiya APN RSFSR, No. 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1966a). Higher cortical functions in man. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1966b). Human brain and psychological processes. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1970). Traumatic aphasia: Its syndromes, psychology and treatment. The Hague: Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1973). The working brain. London: Penguin. Luria, A. R. (1977). Neuropsychological studies in aphasia. Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1979). The making of mind: A personal account of Soviet psychology (M. Cole and S. Cole, Eds.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1981). Language and cognition (J. V. Wertsch, Ed.). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R., and Artem’eva, E. Y. (1978). Two approaches to an evaluation of the reliability of psychological investigations (Reliability of a fact and syndrome analysis). In M. Cole (Ed.), The selected writings of A. R. Luria (pp. 282–293 ). White Plains, NY: Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, V. A. (1984). Reading skill and language skill. Developmental Review, 4, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, O. S. M., Glenn, C., and Walker, J. A. (1982). Changing perspectives in cognitive neuropsychology. International Journal of Psychology, 17, 231–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masland, R., and Usprich, C. (1981). [Review of A solution to the riddle dyslexia]. Bulletin of the Orton Society, 31,256–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattis, S. (1978). Dyslexia syndromes: A working hypothesis that works. In A. L. Benton and D. Pearl (Eds.), Dyslexia: An appraisal of current knowledge (pp. 43–58 ). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, T. L., and Reynolds, C. R. (Eds.). (1984). Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children [Special issue]. Journal of Special Education, 18 (3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, B. (1963). Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting. Archives of Neurology, 9, 90–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, F. J. (1984). Reading disability: A problem in rule learning and word decoding. Developmental Review, 4, 3647.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olofsson, A., and Lundberg, I. (1983). Can phonemic awareness be trained in kindergarten? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 24, 35–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olofsson, A., and Lundberg, I. (1985). Evaluation of long term effects of phonemic awareness training in kindergarten: Il- lustrations of some methodological problems in evaluation research. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 26, 21–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, R. K., Kliegl, R., and Davidson, B. J. (1983). Dyslexic and normal readers’ eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 9, 816–825.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orton, S. T. (1925). “Word blindness” in school children. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 14, 581–615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orton, S. T. (1937). Reading, writing, and speech problems in children. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlidis, G. T. (1985). Eye movements in dyslexia: Their diagnostic significance. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 18, 4250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlidis, G. T. (1986). The role of eye movements in the diagnosis of dyslexia. In G. T. Pavlidis and D. F. Fisher (Eds.), Dyslexia: Its neuropsychology and treatment (pp. 97–110 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J., and Inhelder, B. (1956). The child’s conception of space (F. J. Langdom and J. L. Lunzer, Trans.). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raven, J. C. (1947). Progressive Matrices, Sets A, Ab and B. London: Lewis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, A. L., Heaton, R. K., Lehman, R. A. W., and Stilson, D. W. (1980). The utility of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in detecting and localizing frontal lobe lesions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 605–614.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rourke, B. P. (1982). Central processing deficiencies in children: Toward a developmental neuropsychological model. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 4, 1–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rourke, B. P., Bakker, D. J., Fisk, J. L., and Strang, J. D. (1983). Child neuropsychology: An introduction to theory, research, and clinical practice. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (1978). Prevalence and types of dyslexia. In A. L. Benton and D. Pearl (Eds.), Dyslexia: An appraisal of current knowledge (pp. 3–28 ). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satz, P., and Morris, R. (1981). Learning disability subtypes: A review. In F. J. Pirozzolo and M. C. Wittrock (Eds.), Neuro-psychological and cognitive processes in reading (pp. 109141 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seymour, P. H. K., and Porpodas, C. D. (1980). Lexical and non-lexical processing of spelling in dyslexia. In U. Frith (Ed.), Cognitive processes in spelling (pp. 443–473 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shallice, T. (1982). Specific impairment of planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B298, 199–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shankweiler, D., Liberman, I. Y., Mark, L. S., Fowler, C. A., and Fischer, F. W. (1979). The speech code and learning to read. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 531–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A. (1976). Identifying basic abilities underlying intelligence performance of complex tasks. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), The nature of intelligence (pp. 65–98 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, A., Jarvella, R. J., and Levelt, W. J. M. (Eds.). (1978). The child’s conception of language. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Spreen, O. (1976). Neuropsychology of learning disorders: Post- conference review. In R. M. Knights and D. J. Bakker (Eds.), The neuropsychology of learning disorders: Theoretical ap- proaches (pp. 445–467). Baltimore: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanovich, K. E. (1986). Matthew effects in reading: Some conse-quences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 21, 360–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomatis, A. (1978). Education and dyslexia. France-Quebec: Les Editions.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tornéus, M. (1984). Phonological awareness and reading: A chicken and egg problem? Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 1346–1358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunmer, W. E., Pratt, C., and Herriman, M. L. (Eds.). (1984). Metalinguistic awareness in children: Theory, research, and implications. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vellutino, F. R. (1979). Dyslexia: Theory and research. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and language (E. Hanfmann and G. Vakar, Eds. and Trans.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ( Original work published 1934 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes (M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, and E. Souberman, Eds.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, R. K., and Torgesen, J. K. (1987). The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 192–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1974). Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, J., Piasetski, E., Diller, L., and Gordon, W. (1982). Treating perceptual organization deficits in non-neglecting RBD stroke patients. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 4, 59–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolford, G., and Fowler, C. A. (1984). Differential use of partial information by good and poor readers. Developmental Review, 4, 16–35.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Leong, C.K. (1989). Neuropsychological Models of Learning Disabilities. In: Reynolds, C.R., Fletcher-Janzen, E. (eds) Handbook of Clinical Child Neuropsychology. Critical Issues in Neuropsychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6807-4_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6807-4_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-6809-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-6807-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics