Abstract
The previous chapter discussed methods of improving memory and provided a conceptual framework for their categorization. The present chapter examines these and other memory strategies in more detail, with particular reference to the rehabilitation of brain-injured people. It is emphasized that although a given memory strategy may be beneficial to one individual it may be of no value to another and indeed in some cases may actually prove to be detrimental. Varying responses to treatment will be largely dependent upon the nature and extent of a person’s brain damage. As the process of selecting the most appropriate memory training strategies for a given individual will be described in the next chapter it will not be discussed further here.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baddeley, A.D. and Warrington, E.K. (1973) Memory coding and amnesia, Neuropsychologia, 11, 159–65.
Beatty, W., Salmon, D., Bernstein, N., et al. (1987) Procedural learning in a patient with amnesia due to hypoxia, Brain and Cognition, 6, 386–402.
Bjork, R. A. (1988) Retrieval practice and the maintenance of knowledge in M.M. Gruneberg P.E. Morris and R.N. Sykes (eds), Practical Aspects of Memory: current research and issues, J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 283–8.
Bourgeois, M. (1990) Enhancing conversation skills in patients with Alzheimer’s disease using a prosthetic memory aid, Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 23, 29–42.
Brooks, D.N. and Baddeley, A.D. (1976) What can amnesics learn? Neuropsychologia, 14, 111–22.
Brown, A.L. (1978) Knowing when, where and how to remember: a problem in metacognition; in R. Glasser (ed), Advances in Instructional Psychology, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey.
Butters, N., Wolfe, J., Martone, M., Granholm, E. and Cermak, L. (1985) Memory disorders associated with Huntingtons disease: verbal recall, verbal recognition and procedural learning, Neuropsychologia, 23, 729–43.
Cameron, D.E. (1941) Studies in senile nocturnal delirium, Psychiatric Quarterly, 15, 47–53.
Cermak, L.S. (1976) The encoding capacity of a patient with amnesia due to encephalitis, Neuropsychologia, 14, 311–26.
Cermak, L.S. (1980) Comments on imagery as a therapeutic mnemonic: in L.W. Poon, J.L. Fozard, L.S. Cermak, D. Arenberg, and L.W. Thompson (eds), New Directions in Memory and Aging, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey.
Cerny, J. and McNeny, R. (1983) Reality orientation therapy: in M. Rosenthal. E.R. Griffith, M.R. Bond, and J.D. Miller (eds), Rehabilitation of the Head Injured Adult, F.A. Davis & Co., Philadelphia.
Cohen, N. (1984) Preserved learning capacity in amnesia: evidence for multiple memory systems; in L.R. Squire and N. Butters (eds), Neuropsychology of Memory, Guildford Press, New York.
Cohen, N. and Squire, L.R. (1980) Preserved learning and retention of pattern analysing skills and dissociations of knowing how and knowing that, Science, 210, 207–10.
Cohen, R. and Heath, M. (1988) Recall probabilities for enacted instructions; in M.M. Gruneberg, P.E. Morris and R.N. Sykes (eds), Practical Aspects of Memory, Volume 1, 421–6, J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Corkin, S. (1968) Acquisition of motor skill after bilateral medial temporal-lobe excision, Neuropsychologia, 6, 255–64.
Corrigan, J.D., Arnett, J.A., Houck, L.J. and Jackson, R.D. (1985) Reality orientation for brain injured patients: group treatment and monitoring of recovery, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 66, 626–30.
Crovitz, H., Harvey, M. and Horn, R. (1979) Problems in the acquisition of imagery mnemonics: three brain damaged cases, Cortex, 15, 225–34.
Davies, A.D.M. and Binks, M.G. (1983) Supporting the residual memory of a Korsakoff patient, Behavioural Psychotherapy, 11, 62–74.
Davis, J. (1984) Reality orientation therapy: a study to investigate some treatment outcome variables in patients and nursing staff, Dissertation for the Diploma in Clinical Psychology, British Psychological Society, Leicester.
Devor, M. (1982) Plasticity in the adult nervous system; in L.S. Illis, E.M. Sedgwick and H.T. Glanville (eds), Rehabilitation of the Neurological Patient, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Drummond, L., Kirchoff, L. and Scarborough, D.R. (1978) A practical guide to reality orientation: a treatment approach for confusion and disorientation, Gerontologist, 18, 568–73.
Ericsson, K.A., Chase, W.G. and Falcon, S. (1980) Acquisition of a memory skill, Science, 208, 1181–2
Folsom, J.C. (1968) Reality orientation for the elderly mental patient, Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1, 291–307.
Fordyce, W.E. (1976) Behavioral Methods for Chronic Pain and Illness, Mosby, St Louis.
Foxx, R., Marchand-Martella, N., Martella, R., Braunling-McMorrow, D. and McMorrow, M. (1988) Teaching a problem-solving strategy to closed head-injured adults, Behavioral Residential Treatment, 3, 193–210.
Gazzaniga, M.S. (1978) Is seeing believing: notes on clinical recovery; in S. Finger (ed), Recovery from Brain Damage, Plenum Press, New York. 409–14.
Gianutsos, R. and Gianutsos, J. (1979) Rehabilitating the verbal recall of brain injured patients by mnemonic training: an experimental demonstration using single case methodology, Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1, 117–35.
Gilleard, C, Mitchell, R.G. and Riordin, J. (1981) Ward orientation training with psychogeriatric patients, Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 90–4.
Glasgow, R.E., Zeiss, R.A., Barrera, M. and Lewinsohn, P.M. (1977) Case studies on remediating memory deficits in brain damaged individuals, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 1049–54.
Glisky, E. (1985) Personal communication.
Glisky, E. and Schacter, D. (1987) Acquisition of domain-specific knowledge in organic amnesia: training for computer-related work, Neuropsychologia, 25, 893–906.
Glisky, E. and Schacter, D. (1988) Long-term retention of computer learning by patients with memory disorders. Neuropsychologia, 26, 173–8.
Glisky, E., Schacter, D. and Tulving, E. (1986a) Learning and retention of computer-related vocabulary in amnesic patients: method of vanishing cues, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8, 292–312.
Glisky, E., Schacter, D. and Tulving, E. (1986b) Computer learning by memory-impaired patients: acquisition and retention of complex knowledge, Neuropsychologia, 24, 313–28.
Godfrey, H.P.D. and Knight, R.G. (1985) Cognitive rehabilitation and memory functioning in amnesiac alcoholics, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 555–7.
Goldman, M.S. (1987) The role of time and practice in recovery of function of alcoholics; in O.A. Parsons, N. Butters and P.E. Nathan (eds), Neuropsychology of Alcoholism: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment, Guildord Press, New York.
Goldstein, G., Ryan, C, Turner, S.M., Kanagy M., Barry, K. and Kelly, L. (1985) Three methods of memory training for severely amnesic patients, Behaviour Modification, 9, 357–74.
Goldstein, G. and Ruthven, L. (1983) Rehabilitation of the Brain Damaged Adult, N. Yak, Plenum Press.
Goldstein; G. and Malec, E. (1989) Memory training for severely amnesic patients, Neuropsychology, 3, 9–16.
Greene, J.G., Timbury, G.C., Smith, R. and Gardiner, M. (1983) Reality orientation with elderly patients in the community: an empirical evaluation, Age and Ageing, 12, 38–43.
Hanley, I.G. (1981a) An evaluation of reality orientation procedures with the mentally impaired elderly, PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.
Hanley, I.G. (1981b) The use of signposts and active training to modify ward disorientation in elderly patients, Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 12, 241–7.
Hanley, I.G. (1984) Theoretical and practical considerations in reality orientation therapy with the elderly; in I. Hanley and J. Hodge (eds), Psychological Approaches to the Care of The Elderly, Croom Helm, London.
Hanley, I.G. (1986) Reality orientation in the care of the elderly patient with dementia — three case studies; in I. Hanley and M. Gilhooly (ed), Psychological Therapies for the Elderly, Croom Helm, London.
Hanley, I.G., McGuire, R.J. and Boyd, W.D. (1981) Reality orientation and dementia: a controlled trial of two approaches, British Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 10–14.
Harrington, D.L., Haaland, K.Y., Yeo, R.A. and Mardner, E. (1990) Procedural memory in Parkinson’s disease: impaired motor but not visuospatial learning, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 323–39.
Harris, J.E. and Sunderland, A. (1981) A brief survey of the management of memory disorders in rehabilitation units in Britain, International Rehabilitation Medicine, 3, 206–9.
Heindel, W., Butters, N. and Salmon, D. (1988) Impaired learning of a motor skill in patients with Huntingtons disease, Behavioural Neurosciences, 102, 141–7.
Hendrich, D.W., Healey, A.F. and Brown, L.E. (1988) Long term retention of procedural and episodic memory for digits, paper presented at the 29th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Chicago, Illinois.
Herrmann, D.J., Buschke, H. and Gall, M.B. (1987) Improving retrieval, Applied Cognitive Psychology, 1, 27–33.
Hersen, M. and Barlow, D.H. (1976) Single Case Experimental Designs: Strategy for Studying Behaviour Change, Pergamon, New York.
Hodge, J. (1984) Towards a behavioural analysis of dementia, in I. Hanley and J. Hodge (eds), Psychological Approaches to the Care of the Elderly, Croom Helm, London.
Kahn, R.L., Zarit, S.H., Hilbert, N.M. and Niederehe, G. (1975) Memory complaint and impairment of the aged: the effects of depression and altered brain function, Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 1569–73.
Karlsson, I., Brane, G., Melin, E., Nyth, A.L. and Rybo, E. (1988) Effects of environmental stimulation on biochemical and psychological variables in dementia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77, 207–13.
Kovner, R., Mattis, S. and Goldmeier, E. (1983) A technique for promoting robust free recall in chronic organic amnesia, Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5, 65–71.
Kovner, R., Mattis, S. and Pass, R. (1985) Some amnesic patients can freely recall large amounts of information in new contexts, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7, 395–411.
Kurlychek, R.T. (1983) Use of a digital alarm chronograph as a memory aid in early dementia, Clinical Gerontologist, 1, 93–4.
Landauer and Bjork (1978) Optimum Rehearsal patterns and name learning, in M.M. Gruneberg, P.E. Morris and R.N. Sykes (eds) Practical Aspects of Memory London: Academic Press, 625–6.
Langer, E.J. and Rodin, J. (1976) The effects of choice and enhanced personal responsibility: a field experiment in an institutional setting, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 191–8.
Langer, E.J., Rodin, J., Beck, P., Weinman, C. and Spitzer, L. (1979) Environmental determinants of memory improvement in late adulthood, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2003–13.
Lawson, M.J. and Rice, D.N. (1989) Effects of training in use of executive strategies on a verbal memory problem resulting from closed head injury, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 842–54.
Linton, M. (1988) The maintenance of knowledge: some long-term specific and generic changes. In M. Gruneberg, P. Morris and R. Sykes (eds), Practical Aspects of Memory: 1, J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
Martone, M., Butters, N., Payne, M., Becker, J. and Sax, D. (1984) Dissociation between skill learning and verbal recogniton in amnesia and dementia, Archives of Neurology, 41, 965–70.
McCartney, S.M. (1984) Spatial orientation training in hospitalised patients with dementia. Dissertation for the Diploma in Clinical Psychology, British Psychological Society, Leicester.
McCarty, D. (1980) Investigation of a visual imagery mnemonic device for acquiring face-name association, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 145–55.
Milner, B., Corkin, S. and Teuber, J.L. (1968) Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: a 14-year-follow-up study of HM, Neuropsychologia, 6, 215–34.
Moffat, N.J. (1984a) Memory therapy with the elderly; in S. Simpson, P. Higson, R. Holland, J. McBrien, J. Williams and L. Henneman (eds), Facing the Challenge, British Association of Behavioural Psychotherapy, London.
Moffat, N.J. (1984b) Strategies of memory therapy; in B.A. Wilson and N.J. Moffat (eds), Clinical Management of Memory Problems, Croom Helm, London.
Moffat, N.J. (1989) Home based cognitive rehabilitation with the elderly; in L.W. Poon, D.C. Rubin and B.A. Wilson (eds), Everyday Cognition in Adulthood and Late Life, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Raybould, E.C. and Solity, J. (1982) Teaching with precision, Special Education: Forward Trends, 9, 9–13.
Rea, C.P. and Modigliani, V. (1988) Educational implications of the spacing effect; in M.M. Gruneberg, P.E. Morris and R.N. Sykes (eds), Practical Aspects of Memory: Current Research and Issues, J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
Reeve, W. and Ivison, D. (1985) Use of experimental manipulation and modified informal reality orientation with institutionalised, confused elderly patients, Age and Ageing, 14, 119–21.
Rodin, J. and Langer, E. (1977) Long-term effects of a control-relevant intervention among the institutionalised aged, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 897–902.
Schacter, D.L., Rich, S.A. and Stampp, M.S. (1985) Remediation of memory disorders: experimental evaluation of the spaced retrieval technique, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7, 79–96.
Shenton, R.K. (1975) The automatic memorandum clock. Antiquarian Horology, June, 337-9.
Squire, L. and Cohen, N. (1984) Human memory and amnesia; in J. McGough, G. Lynch and N. Weinburger (eds), Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (pp. 3–64), Guildford Press, New York.
Stigsdotter, A. and Backman, L. (1989) Multifactorial memory training with older adults: how to foster maintenance of improved performance, Gerontology, 35, 260–7.
Vroman, G., Kellar, L. and Cohen, I. (1989) Cognitive rehabilitation in the elderly: a computer-based memory training program; in E. Perecman (ed), Integrating Theory and Practice in Clinical Neuropsychology, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey.
Warrington, E. and Weiskrantz, L. (1974) The effect of prior learning on subsequent retention in amnesic patients, Neuropsychologia, 12, 419–28.
Wilson, B.A. (1981) Teaching a patient to remember people’s names after removal of a left temporal lobe tumour, Behavioural Psychotherapy, 9, 338–44.
Wilson, B.A. (1984) Memory therapy in practice; in B.A. Wilson and N.J. Moffat (eds), Clinical Management of Memory Problems, Croom Helm, London.
Wilson, B.A. (1987) Rehabilitation of Memory, Guildford Press, London.
Wilson, B.A. and Moffat, N.J. (1984) Running a memory group; in B.A. Wilson and N.J. Moffat (eds), Clinical Management of Memory Problems, Croom Helm, London.
Wollen, K.A., Weber, A. and Lowry, D.H. (1972) Bizarreness versus interaction of mental images as determinant of learning, Cognitive Psychology, 3, 518–23.
Zarit, S.H., Zarit, J.M. and Reever, K.E. (1982) Memory training for severe memory loss: effects on senile dementia patients and their families, Gerontologist, 22, 373–7.
Zencius, A., Wesolowski, M. and Burke, W. (1990) The use of a visual cue to reduce profanity in a brain injured adult, Behavioural Residential Treatment, 5, 143–7.
Zepelin, H., Wolffe, C.S. and Kleinplatz, F. (1981) Evaluation of a year-long reality orientation program, Journal of Gerontology, 36, 70–7.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Barbara Wilson and Nick Moffat
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Moffat, N. (1992). Strategies of memory therapy. In: Wilson, B., Moffat, N. (eds) Clinical Management of Memory Problems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-4523-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-4523-5_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-412-32250-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-4523-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive