Abstract
Many biologists implicitly assume that mechanisms for echolocation and communication are separate and compartmentalized. For example, the high-frequency vocal and auditory specializations of dolphins are typically only discussed in terms of echolocation and the low-frequency sounds of baleen whales are usually presented as signals for long-range communication. However, signals that evolved for one purpose may develop other functions. Some porpoises appear to use rhythmic patterns of “echolocation” clicks as communicative signals. When a whale makes a low-frequency sound for communication, the sound may echo from the seafloor and possibly provide the whale with important information about its environment. Research on the evolution of echolocation in marine mammals suffers from a dearth of studies of ecological function and from a lack of broad comparative reviews. If studies of marine mammal sonar included more analysis of the problems for which sonar may have evolved, we might discover fascinating new kinds of biosonar. For example, low-frequency sound is better suited than high frequency for long-range sonar in the sea, and many targets of great importance to marine mammals, such as large bathymetric features and fish with resonant swim bladders are also well suited to low-frequency sonar. Some marine mammals have the skills required to engage in bistatic sonar, in which one animal may listen to how the sounds of another individual are modified by the environment. Targets such as concentrations of fish with resonant swim bladders may absorb more energy than they scatter, leading to significant advantages for bistatic sonar in a forward propagation mode. These examples blend features typically associated with the domains of sonar and communication. I suggest that auditory and vocal skills evolved to function in one of these domains may preadapt animals for developing abilities in the other domain. Vocal learning, in particular, is required for many forms of sonar, and it also enables the evolution of very different communication systems than are possible when vocal output is unaffected by auditory input.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Amundin, M. (1991). Click repetition rate patterns in communicative sounds from the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena. Chapter in Ph.D. thesis, Sound production in odontocetes with emphasis on the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, University of Stockholm.
Astrup, J., Møhl, B. (1993). Detection of intense ultrasound by the cod Gadus morhua. J Exp Biol 182: 71–80.
Au, W. W. L. (1980). Echolocation signals of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in open waters. In: Busnel R-G, Fish JF (eds) Animal sonar systems, New York: Plenum, pp 251–282.
Au, W. W. L. (1993). The sonar of dolphins. New York: Springer.
Au, W. W. L., Carder, D. A., Penner, R. H., Scronce, B. L. (1985). Demonstration of adaptation in beluga whale echolocation signals. J Acoust Soc Am 77:726–730.
Au, W. W. L., Pawloski, J. L., Nachtigall, P. E., Blonz, M., Gisiner, R. C. (1995). Echolocation signals and transmission beam pattern of a false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens). J Acoust Soc Am 98: 51–59.
Backus, R., Schevill, W. E. (1962). Physeter clicks. In: Norris KS (ed) Whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp 510–528.
Barrett-Lennard, L. G., Ford, J. F. B., Heise, K. A. (1996). The mixed blessing of echolocation: differences in sonar use by fish-eating and mammal-eating killer whales. Anim Behav 51: 553–565.
Batzier, W. E., Pickwell, G. V. (1970). Resonant acoustic scattering from gas-bladder fish. In: Farquhar GB (ed) Proceedings of an international symposium on biological sound scattering in the ocean. Washington DC: Govt Printing Office.
Berkley, D. A. (1987). Hearing in rooms. In: Yost WA, Gourevitch G (eds) Directional hearing. New York: Springer, pp 249–260.
Bodenhamer, R. D., Pollak, G. D. (1983). Response characteristics of single units in the inferior colliculus of mustache bats to sinusoidally frequency modulated signals. J Comp Physiol 153: 67–19.
Braham, H. W., Fraker, M. A., Krogman, B. D. (1980). Spring migration of the Western Arctic population of bowhead whales. Mar Fish Rev 42:36–46.
Brill, R. L., Pawloski, J. L., Helweg, D. A., Au, W. W., Moore, P. W. B. (1992). Target detection, shape discrimination, and signal characteristics of an echolocating false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens). J Acoust Soc Am 92:1324–1330.
Buchwald, J. S., Shipley, C. (1985). A comparative model of infant cry. In: Lester BM, Boukydis CFZ (eds) Infant crying. New York: Plenum, pp 279–305.
Busnel, R.-G., Dziedzic, A. (1966). Acoustic signals of the pilot whale, Globicephala melaena and of the porpoises Delphinus delphis and Phocoenaphocoena. In: Norris KS (ed) Whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp 607–646.
Caldwell, M. C., Caldwell, D. K. (1967). Intraspecific transfer of information via the pulsed sound in captive odontocete cetaceans. In: Busnel R-G (ed) Animal Sonar Systems. NATO Advanced Study Institute, Jouy-en-Josas: Laboratoire de physiologie acoustique, vol 2, pp 879–936.
Caldwell, M. C., Caldwell, D. K. (1972). Vocal mimicry in the whistle mode by an Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin. Cetology 9:1–8.
Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M. (1990). How monkeys see the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Clapham, P. J., Mattila, D. K. (1990). Humpback whale songs as indicators of migration routes. Marine Mammal Science 6:155–160.
Clark, C. W. (1989). The use of bowhead whale call tracks based on call characteristics as an independent means of determining tracking parameters. Rep Int Whal Comm 39:111–113.
Clark, C. W. (1993). Bioacoustics of baleen whales: from infrasonics to complex songs. J Acoust Soc Am 94:1830, Abstract.
Clark, C. W., Ellison, W. T., Beeman, K. (1986). Acoustic tracking of migrating bowhead whales. Proceedings of the IEEE Oceans 86 Conference 86:341–346.
Clay, C. S., Medwin, H. (1977). Acoustical oceanography. New York: Wiley.
Covey, E., Casseday, J. H. (1995). The lower brainstem auditory pathways. In A. N. Popper & R. R. Fay (Eds.), Hearing by bats. New York: Springer, pp 235–295.
Curran, T. A., Lemon, D., Ye, Z. (1994). The acoustic scintillation flowmeter: application for a new environmental tool. Journal of the Canadian Hydrographic Association 49:25–29.
Dawkins, R., Krebs, J. R. (1978). Animal signals: information or manipulation? In J. R. Krebs & N. B. Davies (Eds.), Behavioural ecology. Oxford: Blackwell, pp 282–309.
Dawson, S., Thorpe, C. W. (1990). A quantitative analysis of the sounds of Hector’s dolphin. Ethology 86:131–145.
Dawson, S. (1991). Clicks and communication: the behavioral and social contexts of Hector’s dolphin vocalizations. Ethology 88: 265–276.
Diachok, O. (1996). Fish absorption spectroscopy. In J. Papadakis (Ed.), Proceedings of the third European conference on underwater acoustics. Luxembourg: EC Press.
Diachok, O., Ferla, C. (1996). Measurement and simulation of the effects of absorptivity due to fish on transmission loss in shallow water. Oceans 96 Conference Proceedings, Piscataway NJ: IEEE Service Center.
Dorsey, E. M. (1983). Exclusive adjoining ranges in individually identified minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in Washington state. Can J Zool 61:174–181.
Dudok, van Heel, W. H. (1981). Investigations on cetacean sonar. III. A proposal for an ecological classification of cetaceans in relation to sonar. Aquatic Mammals 8:65–68.
Dunning, D. J., Ross, Q. E., Geoghegan, P., Reichle, J. J., Menezes, J. K., Watson, J. K. (1992). Alewives avoid high-frequency sound. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12:407–416.
Eaton, R. L. (1979). A beluga whale imitates human speech. Carnivore 2:22–23.
Ellison, W. T., Clark, C. W., Bishop, G. C. (1987). Potential use of surface reverberation by bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, in under-ice navigation. Rep Int Whal Comm 37:329–332.
Endler, J. A. (1992). Signals, signal conditions, and the direction of evolution. Am Nat 139S:S125–S153.
Esser, K.-H., Schmidt, U. (1989). Mother-infant communication in the lesser spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus discolor (Chiroptera, Phyllostomatidae) — evidence for acoustic learning. Ethology 82:156–168.
Evans, W. E. (1967). Vocalization among marine mammals. In: Tavolga WN (ed) Marine bioacoustics. Oxford: Pergamon, vol 2, pp 159–186.
Evans, W. E., Awbrey, F. T., Hackbarth, H. (1988). High frequency pulse produced by free ranging Commerson’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus commersonii compared with those of phocoenids. Rep Int Whal Comm Special Issue 9:173–181.
Fenton, M. B. (1995). Natural history and biosonar signals. In A. N. Popper & R. R. Fay (Eds.), Hearing by bats. New York: Springer, pp 37–86.
Fletcher, S., Le Boeuf, B. J., Costa, D. P., Tyack, P. L., Blackwell, S. B. (1996). Onboard acoustic recording from diving northern elephant seals. J Acoust Soc Am 100:2531–2539.
Fodor, J. A. (1983). The modularity of mind. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Ford, J. K. B. (1989). Acoustic behavior of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) off Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Can J Zool 67:727–745.
Ford, J. K. B. (1991). Vocal traditions among resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) in coastal waters of British Columbia. Can J Zool 69:1454–1483.
Frankel, A. S., Clark, C. W., Herman, L. M., Gabriele, C. M. (1995). Spatial distribution, habitat utilization, movements, and social interactions of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, off Hawaii using acoustic and visual techniques. Can J Zool 73:1134–1136.
George, J. C., Clark, C., Carroll, G. M., Ellison, W. T. (1989). Observations on the ice-breaking and ice navigation behavior of migrating bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) near Point Barrow, Alaska, spring 1985. Arctic 42:24–30.
Griffin, D. R. (1955). Hearing and acoustic orientation in marine animals. Deep-Sea Research, supplement to 3:406–417.
Griffin, D. R. (1974). Listening in the dark. New York: Dover.
Griffin, D. R. (1980). Early history of research on echolocation. In: Busnel R-G, Fish JF (eds) Animal sonar systems. New York: Plenum, pp 1–8.
Grinnell, A. D. (1995). Hearing in bats: an overview. In: Popper AN, Fay RR (eds) Hearing by bats. New York: Springer, pp 1–36.
Guinee, L., Chu, K., Dorsey, E. M. (1983). Changes over time in the songs of known individual humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). In R. Payne (Ed.), Communication and behavior of whales. Boulder: Westview Press.
Harvey, P. H., Pagel, M. D. (1991). The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hatakeyama, Y, Soeda, H. (1990). Studies on echolocation of porpoises taken in salmon gillnet fisheries. In J. A. Thomas & R. Kastelein (Eds.), Sensory abilities of cetaceans. New York: Plenum, pp 269–281.
Herman, L. M. (1980). The communication systems of cetaceans. In L. M. Herman (Ed.), Cetacean behavior: mechanisms and functions. New York: Wiley-Interscience, pp 149–209.
Herman, L. M., Arbeit, W. R. (1972). Frequency discrimination limens in the bottlenosed dolphin: 1-70 KC/S. J Aud Res 2:109–120.
Hersey, J. B., Backus, R. H. (1962). Sound scattering by marine organisms. In M. N. Hill (Ed.), The sea. New York: Interscience Publishers, vol 1, pp 498–539.
Horton, J. W. (1959). Fundamentals of sonar. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute.
Hui, C. A. (1994). Lack of association between magnetic patterns and the distribution of free-ranging dolphins. J Mammal 75:399–405.
Hunt, F. V. (1954). Electroacoustics. New York: Wiley and Harvard University Press.
Jacobs, D. W. (1972). Auditory frequency discrimination in the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus Montagu: a preliminary report. J Acoust Soc Am 52:696–698.
Jones, G., Ransome, R. D. (1993). Echolocation calls of bats are influenced by maternal effects and change over a lifetime. Proc Roy Soc Lond B 252:125–128.
Kamminga, C. (1988). Echolocation signal types of odontocetes. In P. E. Nachtigall & P. W. B. Moore (Eds.), Animal sonar: processes and performance. New York: Plenum, pp 9–22.
Kamminga, C., Wiersma, H. (1981). Investigations on cetacean sonar II. Acoustical similarities and differences in odontocete sonar signals. Aquatic Mammals 8:41–62.
Kamminga, C., Wiersma, H. (1982). Investigations on cetacean sonar V. The true nature of the sonar sound of Cephalorhynchus commersonii. Aquatic Mammals 9:95–104.
Kellogg, W. N. (1961). Porpoises and sonar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ketten, D. R. (1994). Functional analyses of whale ears: adaptations for underwater hearing. IEEE Proceedings in Underwater Acoustics 1:264–270.
Kick, S. A., Simmons, J. A. (1984). Automatic gain control in the bat’s sonar receiver and the neuroethology of echolocation. J Neurosci 4:2725–2737.
Kinne, O. (1975). Marine ecology. London: Wiley, volume 2, part 2.
Klinowska, M. (1985). Cetacean live stranding dates relate to geomagnetic disturbances. Aquatic Mammals 11:109–119.
Kroodsma, D., Konishi, M. (1991). A suboscine bird (eastern phoebe, Sayornis phoebe) develops song without auditory feedback. Anim Behav 42:477–487.
Kruse, S. (1991). The interactions between killer whales and boats in Johnstone Strait, B.C. In K. Pryor & K. S. Noms (Eds.), Dolphin societies. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp 149–159.
Kuhn, G. F. (1987). Physical acoustics and measurements pertaining to directional hearing. In W. A. Yost & G. Gourevitch (Eds.), Directional hearing. New York: Springer, pp 3–25.
Le Boeuf, B. J., Costa, D. P., Huntley, A. C., Feldcamp, S. D. (1988). Continuous deep diving in female northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris. Can J Zool 66:446–458.
Le Boeuf, B. J., Laws, R. M. (1994). Elephant seals. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Love, R. H. (1973). Target strengths of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae. J Acoust Soc Am 54:1312–1315.
Mahne, C. I. (1994). Development of a high target strength passive acoustic reflector for low-frequency sonar applications. IEEE J Oceanic Eng 19:438–448.
Marier, P., Karakashian, S., Gyger, M. (1990). Do animals have the option of withholding signals when communication is inappropriate? In C. A. Ristau (Ed.), Cognitive ethology: The minds of other animals (essays in honor of Donald R Griffin). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Marten, K., Norris, K. S., Moore, P. W. B., Englund, K. A. (1988). Loud impulse sounds in odontocete predation and social behavior. In P. E. Nachtigall & P. W. B. Moore (Eds.), Animal sonar: processes and performance. New York: Plenum, pp 567–579.
Martin, A. R. (1995). How do whales find the next breathing site when travelling under heavy sea-ice? In: Abstracts, Eleventh Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, p 73.
Mate, B. (1989). Satellite monitored radio tracking as a method for studying cetacean movements and behavior. Rep Int Whal Comm 39:389–391.
McDonald, M. A., Hildebrand, J. A., Webb, S. C. (1995). Blue and fin whales observed on a seafloor array in the Northeast Pacific. J Acoust Soc Am 98:712–721.
McGregor, P. K., Krebs, J. R. (1984). Sound degradation as a distance cue in great tit (Parus major) song. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 16:49–56.
McGregor, P. K., Krebs, J. R., Ratcliffe, L. M. (1983). The response of great tits (Parus major) to the playback of degraded and undegraded songs: the effect of familiarity with the stimulus song type. Auk 100:898–906.
Menne, D., Kaipf, I., Wagner, I., Ostwald, J., Schnitzler, H.-U. (1989). Range estimation by echolocation in the bat Eptesicus fuscus: trading of phase versus time cues. J Acoust Soc Am 85:2642–2650.
Miller, L. A. (1983). How insects detect and avoid bats. In F. Huber & H. Markl (Eds.), Neuroethology and behavioral physiology: roots and growing pains. New York: Springer.
Moore, P. W. B. (1980). Cetacean obstacle avoidance. In: Busnel R-G, Fish JF (eds) Animal sonar systems. New York: Plenum, pp 97–108.
Moore, P. W. B., Pawloski, D. (1991). Investigation on the control of echolocation pulses in the dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). In J. Thomas & R. Kastelein (Eds.), Sensory abilities of cetaceans. New York: Plenum, pp 305–316.
Morton, E. S. (1982). Grading, discreteness, redundancy, and motivation-structural rules. In D. E. Kroodsma & E. H. Miller (Eds.), Acoustic communication in birds. New York: Academic Press, vol 1, pp 183–212.
Morton, E. S. (1986). Predictions from the ranging hypothesis for the evolution of long distance signals in birds. Behaviour 99:65–86.
Morton, E. S., Gish, S. L., van der Voort, M. (1986). On the learning of degraded and undegraded songs in the Carolina wren. Anim Behav 34:815–820.
Murchison, A. E. (1980). Detection range and range resolution of echolocating bottlenose porpoise (Tursiops truncatus). In R.-G. Busnel & J. F. Fish (Eds.), Animal sonar systems. New York: Plenum, pp 43–70.
Myrberg, A. A., Jr. (1981). Sound communication and interception in fishes. In W. N. Tavolga, A. N. Popper & R. R. Fay (Eds.), Hearing and sound communication in fishes. New York: Springer.
Nestler, J. M., Ploskey, G. R., Pickens, J., Menezes, J., Schilt, C. (1992). Responses of blueback herring to high-frequency sound and implications for reducing entrainment at hydropower dams. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12:667–683.
Neuweiler, G. (1990). Auditory adaptations for prey capture in echolocating bats. Physiol Rev 70:615–641.
Neuweiler, G., Link, A., Marimuthu, G., Rübsamen, R. (1988). Detection of prey in echocluttering environments. In P. E. Nachtigall & P. W. B. Moore, (Eds.), Animal sonar: processes and performance. New York: Plenum, pp 613–618.
Norris, K. S. (1967). Some observations on the migration and orientation of marine mammals. In R. M. Storm (Ed.), Animal orientation and navigation. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.
Norris, K. S. (1969). The echolocation of marine mammals. In H. T. Andersen (Ed.), The biology of marine mammals. New York: Academic Press.
Norris, K. S. (1974). The porpoise watcher. New York: Norton.
Norris, K. S., Møhl, B. (1983). Can odontocetes debilitate prey with sound? Am Nat 122:85–104.
Offut, C. G. (1968). Auditory response in the goldfish. J Aud Res 8:391–400.
Owren, M. J., Dieter, J. A., Seyfarth, R. M., Cheney, D. L. (1993). Vocalizations of rhesus (Macaca mulatto) and Japanese (Macaca fuscata) macaques cross-fostered between species show evidence of only limited modification. Developmental Psychobiology 26:389–406.
Pack, A. A., Herman, L. M. (1995). Sensory integration in the bottlenosed dolphin: immediate recognition of complex shapes across the senses of echolocation and vision. J Acoust Soc Am 98:722–733.
Papastavrou, V., Smith, S. C, Whitehead, H. (1989). Diving behaviour of the sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus, off the Galapagos Islands. Can J Zool 67:839–846.
Papi, F. (1992). Animal homing. New York: Chapman and Hall.
Parsons, T. R., Takahashi, M., Hargrave, B. (1984). Biological oceanographic processes. Oxford: Pergamon.
Payne, K., Payne, R. (1985). Large scale changes over 19 years in the songs of humpback whales in Bermuda. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 58:89–114.
Payne, K. B., Tyack, P., Payne, R. S. (1983). Progressive changes in the songs of humpback whales. In R. S. Payne (Ed.), Communication and behavior of whales. AAAS Selected Symposia Series. Boulder: Westview Press, pp 9–59.
Payne, R. S., Webb, D. (1971). Orientation by means of long range acoustic signalling in baleen whales. Ann NY Acad Sci 188:110–141.
Pike, G. (1962). Migration and feeding of the grey whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus). J Fish Res Board Can 19:815–838.
Pollak, G. D. (1992). Adaptations of basic structures and mechanisms in the cochlea and central auditory pathway of the mustache bat. In A. N. Popper, R. R. Fay, & D. B. Webster (Eds.), Evolutionary biology of hearing. New York: Springer, pp 751–778.
Popper, A. N. (1980). Sound emission and detection by delphinids. In L. M. Herman (Ed.), Cetacean behavior: mechanisms and functions. New York: Wiley-Interscience, pp 1–52.
Rails, K., Fiorelli, P., Gish, S. (1985). Vocalizations and vocal mimicry in captive harbor seals, Phoca vitulina. Can J Zool 63:1050–1056.
Reiss, D., McCowan, B. (1993). Spontaneous vocal mimicry and production by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): evidence for vocal learning. J Comp Psychol 107:301–312.
Renaud, D. L., Popper, A. N. (1975). Sound localization by the bottlenose porpoise, Tursiops truncatus. J Exp Biol 63:569–585.
Rice, C. E. (1969). Perceptual enhancement in the early blind? The Psychological Record 19:1–14.
Richards, D. G. (1981). Estimation of distance of singing conspecifics by the Carolina wren. Auk 98:127–133.
Richards, D. G., Wolz, J. P., Herman, L. M. (1984). Vocal mimicry of computer-generated sounds and vocal labeling of objects by a bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. J Comp Psychol 98:10–28.
Ridgway, S. H., Carder, D. A., Jeffries, M. M. (1985). Another “talking” male white whale. Abstracts, Sixth Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, p 67.
Ryan, M. J. (1994). Mechanisms underlying sexual selection. In L. A. Real (Ed.), Behavioral mechanisms in evolutionary ecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp 190–215.
Schmidt-Koenig, K. (1975). Migration and homing in animals. New York: Springer.
Schnitzler, H.-U. (1968). Die Ultraschall-Ortungslaute der Hufeisen Fledermäuse (Chiroptera-Rhinolophidae) in verschiedenen Orientierungssituationen. Z vergl Physiol 57:376–408.
Schnitzler, H.-U., Ostwald, J. (1983). Adaptation for the detection of fluttering insects by echolocation in horseshoe bats. In J. P. Ewert, R. R. Capranica, D. J. Ingle (Eds.), Advances in vertebrate neuroethology. New York: Plenum, pp 801–827.
Schuller, G., Beuter, K., Schnitzler, H.-U. (1974). Responses to frequency shifted artificial echoes in the bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. J Comp Physiol A 89:275–286.
Schuller, G., Pollak, G. D. (1979). Disproportionate frequency representation in the inferior colliculus of Doppler-compensating greater horseshoe bats: evidence for an acoustic fovea. J Comp Physiol A 132:47–54.
Schusterman, R. J. (1972). Visual acuity in pinnipeds. In H. E. Winn, & B. L. Olla (Eds.), Behavior of marine animals. New York: Plenum, vol 2, pp 469–492.
Schusterman, R. J. (1981). Behavioral capabilities of seals and sea lions: a review of their hearing, visual learning and diving skills. The Psychological Record 31:125–143.
Scronce, B. L., Johnson, C. S. (1976). Bistatic target detection by a bottlenosed porpoise. J Acoust Soc Am 59:1001–1002.
Simmons, J. A., Ferragamo, M. J., Saillant, P. A., Haresign, T., Wotton, J. M., Dear, S. P., Lee, D. N. (1995). Auditory dimensions of acoustic images in echolocation. In A. N. Popper, R. R. Fay (Eds.), Hearing by bats. New York: Springer.
Simmons, J. A., Kick, S. A. (1983). Interception of flying insects by bats. In F. Huber, H. Markl (Eds.), Behavioral physiology and neuroethology: roots and growing points. New York: Springer.
Stanton, T. K. (1989). Simple approximate formulas for backscattering of sound by spherical and elongated objects. J Acoust Soc Am 86:1499–1510.
Thompson, R. K. R., Herman, L. M. (1975). Underwater frequency discrimination in the bottlenosed dolphin (1–140 kHz) and human (1–8 kHz). J Acoust Soc Am 57:943–948.
Thompson, T. J., Winn, H. E., Perkins, P. J. (1979). Mysticete sounds. In H. E. Winn, B. L. Olla (Eds.), Behavior of marine animals. New York: Plenum, vol 3, pp 403–431.
Turl, C. W., Penner, R. H. (1989). Differences in echolocation click patterns of the beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) and the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). J Acoust Soc Am 86:497–502.
Tyack, P. (1981). Interactions between singing Hawaiian humpback whales and conspecifics nearby. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 8:105–116.
Tyack, P. L., Sayigh, L. S. (1997). Vocal learning in cetaceans. In C. Snowdon, M. Hausberger (Eds.), Social influences on vocal development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 208–233.
Urick, R. J. (1983). Principals of underwater sound. New York: McGraw-Hill.
von der Emde, G., Menne, D. (1989). Discrimination of insect wingbeat-frequencies by the bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. J Comp Physiol A 167:423–430.
Walker, M. M., Kirschvink, J. L., Ahmed, G., Dizon, A. E. (1992). Evidence that fin whales respond to the geomagnetic field during migration. J Exp Biol 171:67–78.
Watkins, W. A., Daher, M. A., Fristrup, K. M., Howald, T. J., di Sciara, G. N. (1993). Sperm whales tagged with transponders and tracked underwater by sonar. Marine Mammal Science 9:55–61.
Watkins, W. A., Schevill, W. E. (1979). Aerial observations of feeding behavior in four baleen whales: Eubalaena glacialis, Balaenoptera borealis, Megaptera novaeangliae, and Balaenoptera physalus. J Mammal 60:155–163.
Watkins, W. A., Schevill, W. E., Best, P. B. (1977). Underwater sounds of Cephalorhynchus heavisidii (Mammalia: Cetacea). J Mammal 58:316–320.
Watkins, W. A., Tyack, P., Moore, K. E., Bird, J. E. (1987). The 20-Hz signals of finback whales Balaenoptera physalus). J Acoust Soc Am 82:1901–1912.
Watkins, W. A., Wartzok, D. (1985). Sensory biophysics of marine mammals. Marine Mammal Science 1:219–260.
Weilgart, L., Whitehead, H. (1988). Distinctive vocalizations from mature male sperm whales. Can J Zool 66:1931–1937.
West, M. J., King, A. P. (1988). Female visual displays affect the development of male song in the cowbird. Nature 334:244–246.
West, M. J., King, A. P. (1990). Mozart’s starling. Am Sci 78:106–114.
Weston, D. E. (1967). Sound propagation in the presence of bladder fish. In V. M. Albers (Ed.), Underwater acoustics. New York: Plenum, vol 2.
Williams, H., Nottebohm, F. (1985). Auditory responses on avian vocal motor neurons: a motor theory for song perception in birds. Science 229:279–282.
Winter, P., Handley, P., Ploog, D., Schott, D. (1973). Ontogeny of squirrel monkey calls under normal conditions and under acoustic isolation. Behaviour 47:230–239.
Wrangham, R. W., Gittleman, J. L., Chapman, C. A. (1993). Constraints on group size in primates and carnivores: population density and day-range as assays of exploitation competition. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 32:199–209.
Würsig, B., Clark, C. W. (1993). Behavior. In J. J. Burns, J. J. Montague, C. J. Cowles (Eds.), The bowhead whale. Lawrence, KS: The Society for Marine Mammalogy.
Würsig, B., Würsig, M. (1979). Behavior and ecology of the dusky dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obscurus, in the south Atlantic. Fish Bull 77:871–890.
Xitco, M. J., Jr., Roitblat, H. L. (1996). Object recognition through eavesdropping: passive echolocation in bottlenose dolphins. Animal Learning & Behavior 24:355–365.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tyack, P.L. (1997). Studying how Cetaceans use Sound to Explore their Environment. In: Owings, D.H., Beecher, M.D., Thompson, N.S. (eds) Communication. Perspectives in Ethology, vol 12. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1745-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1745-4_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1747-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1745-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive