Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Environmental Toxins and Infant Development

  • Chapter
Theory and Research in Behavioral Pediatrics

Abstract

At one time it was assumed that the placenta acts as an effective barrier preventing toxic substances in the maternal blood stream from reaching the fetus. It is now understood that most toxic substances cross the placenta, the exceptions being those that are non-lipid soluble, ionize at tissue pH, or have a molecular weight greater than 600 (Coyle, Wayner, & Singer, 1976). Early experimental research revealed the role of irradiation, viral and bacterial infection, and malnutrition in producing fetal malformations previously thought to be genetically caused (for a review see Hutchings, 1978). The thalidomide tragedy (Tuchmann-Duplessis, 1975) and the identification of the fetal alcohol syndrome (Jones, Smith, Ulleland, & Streissguth, 1973) attracted greater attention to the field and made clear that a variety of chemical agents could be harmful to humans. More recently, man-made environmental substances have come under scientific scrutiny to determine their potential teratogenicity and whether they are harmful at dosages ordinarily ingested or absorbed by humans (Fein, Schwartz, Jacobson, & Jacobson 1983; Kimbrough, 1983; Vorhees & Butcher, 1982). Findings such as these have stimulated a new research area concerned with the impact of toxic substances on human development and functioning.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abe, S., Inoue, Y., and Takamatsu, M. Polychlorinated biphenyl residues in plasma of Yusho children born to mothers who had consumed oil contaminated by PCB. Acta Medica Fukuoka, 1975, 66, 605–609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Als, H., Tronick, E., Lester, B. M., and Brazelton, T. B. Specific neonatal measures: The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development. New York: Wiley, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amin-Zaki, L., Elhassani, S., Majeed, M. A., Clarkson, T. W., Doherty, R. A., and Greenwood, M. R. Intrauterine methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Pediatrics,1974, 54,587–595. (a)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amin-Zaki, L., Elhassani, S., Majeed, M. A., Clarkson, T. W., Doherty, R. A., and Greenwood, M. R. Studies of infants postnatally exposed to methylmercury. The Journal of Pediatrics,1974, 85,81–84. (b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amin-Zaki, L., Elhassani, S., Majeed, M. A., Clarkson, T. W., Doherty, R. A., Greenwood, M. R., and Giovanoli-Jakuloczak, T. Perinatal methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 1976, 130, 1070 1076.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amin-Zaki, L., Majeed, M. A., Elhassani, S. B., Clarkson, T. W., Greenwood, M. R., Doherty, R. A. Prenatal methylmercury poisoning. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 1979, 133, 172–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakir, F., Damluji, S. F., Amin-Zaki, M., Murtadha, M., Khalidi, A., Al-Rawi, N. Y., Tikriti, S., Dhahir, H. I., Clarkson, T. W., Smith, J. C., and Doherty, R. A. Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Science, 1973, 181, 230–241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, M., Jr. Pediatric health aspects of PBBs. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1978, 23, 291–294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, M., Jr. Environmental contamination of human breast milk. American Journal of Public Health, 1981, 71, 124–126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barsotti, D. A., Marlar, R. J., and Allen, J. R. Reproductive dysfunction in rhesus monkeys exposed to low levels of polychlorinated biphenyls. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 1976, 14, 99–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bayley, N. Development of mental abilities. In P. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child development (Vol. 1, 3rd ed.). New York: Wiley, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellinger, D. C., Needleman, H. L., Leviton, A., Waternaux, C., Rabinowitz, M. B., and Nichols, M. L. Early sensory-motor development and prenatal exposure to lead. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology,1984, 6,387–402.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brazelton, T. B. Neonatal behavioral assessment scale. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brilliant, L. B., Wilcox, K., Van Amburg, G., Eyster, J., Isbister, J., Bloomer, A. W., Humphrey, H., and Price, H. Breast milk monitoring to measure Michigan’s contamination with polybrominated biphenyls. Lancet, 1978, 2, 643–646.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, R. E. Behavioral testing as a method for assessing risk. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1976, 18, 75–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, R. E., Vorhees, C. V., and Kimmel, C. A. Learning impairment from maternal salicylate treatment in rats. Nature New Biology, 1972, 236, 21 1212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey, A. E., and Gowen, J. A. PCB’s in agricultural and urban soil. Proceedings of the National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Chicago, 1975 (EPA–560/6–75–004) (pp. 195–198). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chia, L., Su, M., Chen, R., Wu, Z., and Chu, F. Neurological manifestations in polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) poisoning. Clinical Medicine (Taipei), 1981, 7, 45–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, B. H., Lapham, L. W., Amin-Zaki, L., and Saleem, T. Abnormal neuronal migration, deranged cerebral cortical organization, and diffuse white matter astrocytosis of human fetal brain: A major effect of methylmercury poisoning in utero. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 1978, 37, 719–733.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coyle, I., Wayner, M. J., and Singer, G. Behavioral teratogenesis: A critical evaluation. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 1976, 4, 191–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, G. J., McLachlan, J., and Lucier, G. Waltzing syndrome in mice following prenatal exposure to 3.4.3’.4’-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Unpublished manuscript, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowler, J. K., and Jacobson, S. W. Alternative measures of maternal smoking and caffeine consumption as predictors of neonatal outcome. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the International Conference on Infant Studies, New York, April, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckenhausen, F. W., Bennett, D., Beynon, K. I., and Elgar, K. E. Organochlorine pesticide concentrations in perinatal samples from mothers and babies. Archives of Environmental Health, 1981, 36, 81–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, H. L., Laties, V. G., and Weiss, B. Behavioral effects of mercury and methylmercury. Federation Proceedings, 1975, 34, 1858–1867.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, J. F., and Singer, L. T. Infant recognition memory as a measure of intelligence. In L. P. Lipsitt (Ed.), Advances in infancy research (Vol. 2). Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fein, G. G., Jacobson, J. L., Jacobson, S. W., Schwartz, P. M., and Dowler, J. K. Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls: Effects on birth size and gestational age. The Journal of Pediatrics, 1984, 105, 315–320.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fein, G. G., Schwartz, P. M., Jacobson, S. W., and Jacobson, J. L. Environmental toxins and behavioral development: A new role for psychological research. American Psychologist, 1983, 38, 1188–1197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Funatsu, I., Yamashita, F., Ito, Y., Tsugama, S., Funatsu, T., Yoshikane, T., Hayashi, M., Kato, T., Yakushiji, M., Okamoto, G., Yamasaki, S., Arima, T., Kuno, T., Ide, H., and Ibe, I. Polychlorobiphenyls (PCB)-induced fetopathy. Kurume Medical Journal, 1972, 19, 43–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottfried, A. W. Measures of socioeconomic status in child development re-search: Data and recommendations. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly,in press. Hadley, W. M., and Kidd, D. E. Polychlorinated biphenyls environmental hazard Unpublished manuscript, n.d.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harada, M. Intrauterine poisoning: Clinical and epidemiological studies and significance of the problem. Bulletin of the Institute of Constitutional Medicine, Kumamoto University, 1976, 25 (Suppl.), 38–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harada, Y. Congenital (or fetal) Minamata disease. In M. Katsuna (Ed.), Minamata disease. Study group of Minamata disease. Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harada, Y. Congenital alkyl mercury poisoning (Congenital Minamata disease). Paediatrician, 1977, 6, 58–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirayama, C. Clinical aspects of PCB poisoning. In K. Higuchi (Ed.), PCB poisoning and pollution. New York: Academic Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollingshead, A. B., and Redlich, F. C. Social class and mental illness New York: Wiley, 1958

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, H. E. B. Population studies of PCBs in Michigan residents. In F. M. D’Itri and M. A. Kamrin (Eds.), PCBs: Human and environmental hazards. Boston: Butterworth, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchings, D. E. Behavioral teratology: Embryopathic and behavioral effects of drugs during pregnancy. In G. Gottlieb (Ed.), Studies on the development of behavior and the nervous system. (Vol. 4 ). New York: Academic Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Agency for Research on Cancer. Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Car’ cinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, 1978, 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, J. L., Fein, G. G., Jacobson, S. W., and Schwartz, P. M. Factors and clusters for the Brazelton Scale: An investigation of the dimensions of neonatal behavior. Developmental Psychology, 1984, 20, 339–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, J. L., Fein, G. G., Jacobson, S. W., Schwartz, P. M., and Dowler, J. K. The transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) across the human placenta and into maternal milk. American Journal of Public Health, 1984, 74, 378–379.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, J. L., Jacobson, S. W., Fein, G. G., Schwartz, P. M., and Dowler, J. K. Prenatal exposure to an environmental toxin: A test of the multiple effects model. Developmental Psychology, 1984, 20, 523–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, S. W., Fein, G. G., Jacobson, J. L., Schwartz, P. M., and Dowler, J. K. Neonatal correlates of prenatal exposure to smoking, caffeine, and alcohol. Infant Behavior and Development, 1984, 7, 253–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, S. W., Fein, G. G., Jacobson, J. L., Schwartz, P. M., and Dowler, J. K. The effect of intrauterine PCB exposure on visual recognition memory. Child Development, 1985, 56, 853–860.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, S. W., Jacobson, J. L., Schwartz, P. M., and Fein, G. G. Intrauterine exposure of human newborns to PCBs: Measures of exposure. In F. M. D’Itri and M. Kamrin (Eds.), PCBs: Human and environmental hazards. Boston: Butterworth, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensh, R. P. Behavioral testing procedures: A review. In E. M. Johnson and D. M. Kochhar (Eds.), Teratogenesis and reproductive toxicology. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, K. L., Smith, D. W., Ulleland, C. N., and Streissguth, A. P. Pattern of malformation in offspring of chronic alcoholic mothers. Lancet, 1973, 1, 1267–1271.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Junghans, R. P. A review of the toxicity of methylmercury compounds with application to occupational exposures associated with laboratory uses. Environmental Research, 1983, 31, 1–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendrick, E. Testing for environmental contaminants in human milk. Pediatrics, 1980, 66, 470–472.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimbrough, R. D. Determining exposure and biochemical effects in human population studies. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1983, 48, 77–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kodama, H., and Ota, H. Transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls to infants from their mothers. Archives of Environmental Health, 1980, 35, 95–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kreiss, K., Zack, M. M., Kimbrough, R. D., Needham, L. L., Smrek, A. L., and Jones, B. T. Association of blood pressure and polychlorinated biphenyl levels. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1981, 245, 2505–2509.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuratsune, M. Epidemiologic studies on Yusho. In K. Higuchi (Ed.), PCB poisoning and pollution. New York: Academic Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuratsune, M., Masuda, Y., and Nagayama, J. Some of the recent findings concerning Yusho. Proceedings of the National conference on polychlorinated biphenyls, Chicago, 1975, 14–29 (EPA–560/6–75–004). Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuzma, J. W., and Kissinger, D. G. Patterns of alcohol and cigarette use in pregnancy. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 1981, 3, 211–221.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Littman, B., and Parmalee, A. H., Jr. Medical correlates of infant development. Pediatrics, 1978, 61, 470–474.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, D. O., Myers, G. J., Clarkson, T. W., Amin-Zaki, L., Tikriti, S., and Majeed, M. A. Fetal methylmercury poisoning: Clinical and toxicological data on 29 cases. Annals of Neurology, 1980, 7, 348–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, D. O., Myers, G. J., Clarkson, T. W., Amin-Zaki, L., Tikriti, S., Majeed, M. A., and Dabbagh, A. R. Dose—response relationship for human fetal exposure to methylmercury, Clinical Toxicology, 1981, 18, 1311–1318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masuda, Y., Kagawa, R., Kuroki, H., Kuratsune, M., Yoshimura, T., Taki, I., Kusuda, M., Yamashita, F., and Hayashi, M. Transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls from mothers to foetuses and infants. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1978, 16, 543–546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, C. W., and Parcel, T. L. Measures of socioeconomic status: Alternatives and recommendations. Child Development, 1981, 52, 13–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami, U. The effect of organic mercury on intrauterine life. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1972, 27, 301–336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Needleman, H. L. (Ed.). Low level lead exposure. New York: Raven Press, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needleman, H. L., Gunnoe, C., Leviton, A., Reed, R., Peresie, H., Maher, C., and Barrett, P. Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated denture lead levels. New England Journal of Medicine, 1979, 300, 689–695.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, P. E., Thompson, J. F., Likosky, W. H., Nickey, L. N., Barthel, W. F., and Hinman, A. R. Alkyl mercury poisoning in humans: Report of an outbreak. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1972, 220, 1439–1442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polishuk, Z. W., Wasserman, D., Wasserman, M., Cucos, S., and Ron, M. Organochlorine compounds in mother and fetus during labor. Environmental Research, 1977, 13, 278–284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Proulx, G. A. The effects of prenatal exposure to smoking and postnatal feeding method on infant growth. Unpublished master’s thesis, Wayne State University, Detroit, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuhl, K. R., and Chang, L. W. Effects of methylmercury on the development of the nervous system: A review. Neurotoxicology, 1979, 1, 21–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogan, W.J., Bagniewska, M. A., and Damstra, T. Pollutants in breast milk. The New England Journal of Medicine, 1980, 302, 1450–1453.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogan, W. J., Gladen, B. C., McKinney, J. D., and Albro, P. W. Chromatographic evidence of polychlorinated biphenyl exposure from a spill. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1983, 249, 1057–1058.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, C. S., Taylor, R., and Law, C. E. Smoking in pregnancy, maternal blood pressure, pregnancy outcome, baby weight and growth, and other related factors: A prospective study. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine, 1968, 22, 119–126.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sameroff, A. J. Summary and conclusions: The future of newborn assessment. In A. J. Sameroff (Ed.), Organization and stability of newborn behavior: A commentary on the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,1978, 43,5–6, (Serial No. 177).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sameroff, A. J., and Chandler, M. J. Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty. In F. Horowitz (Ed.), Review of child development research (Vol. 4 ). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, P. M., Jacobson, S. W., Fein, G. G., Jacobson, J. L., and Price, H. A. Lake Michigan fish consumption as a source of polychlorinated biphenyls in human cord serum, maternal serum, and milk. American Journal of Public Health, 1983, 73, 293–296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, R. D. Congenital mercury poisoning. The New England Journal of Medicine, 1971, 284, 1014–1017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, R. D., and Seelinger, D. F. Methylmercury poisoning: Clinical follow-up and sensory nerve conduction studies. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1976, 39, 701–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spyker, J. M. Assessing the impact of low level chemicals on development: Behavioral and latent effects. Federation Proceedings, 1975, 34, 1835–1844.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spyker, J. M., Sparber, S. B., and Goldberg, A. M. Subtle consequences of methylmercury exposure: Behavioral deviations in offspring from treated mothers. Science, 1972, 177, 621–623

    Google Scholar 

  • Storm, J. E., Hart, J. L., and Smith, R. F. Behavior of mice after pre-and postnatal exposure to Arochlor 1254. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 1981, 3, 5–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streissguth, A. P., Martin, D. C., Barr, H. M., Sandman, B. M., Kirchner, G. L., and Darby, B. L. Intrauterine alcohol and nicotine exposure: Attention and reaction time in 4-year-old children. Developmental Psychology, 1984, 20, 533–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swain, W. R. An overview of the scientific basis for concern with polychlorinated biphenyls in the Great Lakes. In F. M. D’Itri and M. A. Kamrin (Eds.), PCBs: Human and environmental hazards. Boston: Butterworth, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi, T. Pathology of fetal Minamata disease: The effect of methylmercury on human intrauterine life. Paediatrician, 1977, 6, 69–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi, T., D’Itri, F. M., Fischer, P. V., Annett, C. S., and Okabe, M. The outbreak of Minamata disease (methyl mercury poisoning) in cats on northwestern Ontario reserves. Environmental Research, 1977, 13, 215–228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi, T., Eto, N., and Eto, K. Neuropathology of childhood cases of methylmercury poisoning (Minamata disease) with prolonged symptoms, with particular reference to the decortication syndrome. Neurotoxicology, 1979, 1, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilson, H. A., Davis, G. J., McLachlan, J. A., and Lucier, G. W. The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls given prenatally on the neurobehavioral development of mice. Environmental Research, 1979, 18, 466–474

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsubaki, T., and Irukayama, K. (Eds.) Minamata disease: Methylmercury poisoning in Minamata and Niigata, Japan. New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuchmann-Duplessis, H. Drug effects on the fetus. Monographs on drugs, 1975, 2 Littleton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Public Health Service. Smoking and health: A report of the Surgeon General (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Publication No. PHS 79–50066 ). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veith, G. D., and Lee, G. F. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Milwaukee River. Water Research, 1971, 5, 1107–1115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vorhees, C. V., Brunner, R. L., and Butcher, R. E. Psychotropic drugs as behavioral teratogens. Science, 1979, 205, 1220–1225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vorhees, C. V., and Butcher, R. E. Behavioral teratogenicity. In K. Snell (Ed.), Developmental toxicology. London: Croon Helm Press, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, B. Behavioral toxicology and environmental health science: Opportunity and challenge for psychology. American Psychologist, 1983, 38, 1174–1187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, B., and Spyker, J. M. Behavioral implications of prenatal and early postnatal exposure to chemical pollutants. Pediatrics, 1974, 53, 851–856.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, J. K., and May, J. T. Anti-infective properties of breast milk. The Journal of Pediatrics, 1979, 94, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werboff, J., and Gottlieb, J. S. Drugs in pregnancy: Behavioral teratology. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 1963, 18, 420–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wickizer, T. M., Brilliant, L. B., Copeland, R., and Tilden, R. Polychlorinated biphenyl contamination of nursing mothers’ milk in Michigan. American Journal of Public Health, 1981, 71, 132–137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. G. Current status of teratology. In J. G. Wilson and F. C. Fraser (Eds.), Handbook of teratology (Vol. 1). New York: Plenum, 1977.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Young, D. R., McDermott, D. J., and Heesen, T. C. Marine inputs of polychlorinated biphenyls off Southern California. Proceedings of the National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Chicago, 1975 199–208 (EPA-560/6–75004). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA

    Sandra W. Jacobson & Joseph L. Jacobson

  2. College of Education, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20704, USA

    Greta G. Fein

Authors
  1. Sandra W. Jacobson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joseph L. Jacobson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Greta G. Fein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

    Hiram E. Fitzgerald Ph.D. (Professor of Psychology) (Professor of Psychology)

  2. Bradley Hospital and Women and Infant’s Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

    Barry M. Lester Ph.D. (Associate Professor of Child Psychiatry/Human Behavior and Pediatrics) (Associate Professor of Child Psychiatry/Human Behavior and Pediatrics)

  3. Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

    Barry M. Lester Ph.D. (Associate Professor of Child Psychiatry/Human Behavior and Pediatrics) (Associate Professor of Child Psychiatry/Human Behavior and Pediatrics)

  4. Infant Health and Development Program, The Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Michael W. Yogman M.D. (Director, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics) (Director, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics)

  5. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Michael W. Yogman M.D. (Director, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics) (Director, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jacobson, S.W., Jacobson, J.L., Fein, G.G. (1986). Environmental Toxins and Infant Development. In: Fitzgerald, H.E., Lester, B.M., Yogman, M.W. (eds) Theory and Research in Behavioral Pediatrics. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1689-1_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1689-1_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1691-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1689-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation