Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Contributions of Southwest Asia to the Study of the Origin of Modern Humans

  • Chapter
Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans

Part of the book series: Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology ((IDCA))

Abstract

The current debate concerning the origins of modern humans centers around a few questions: (1) How do we classify and date the human fossils of the Late Quaternary, and what are the implications of each classification? (2) Does a “multiregional evolution” model better explain the fossil and cultural records than the “Out-of-Africa” model? and (3) “Why,” “when,” and “where” did the transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic occur? Each of these questions implies that we would like to know what is their meaning in terms of the evolution of human behavior. Currently these “big” questions end up, in the Western World, in their more mundane, simplified version when colleagues, journalists and learned people, who often implicitly hold a Eurocentric approach, demand to know, Who were the Neanderthals? How different were they from those who inhabited the Near East during the Last Glacial? Is it possible that two human types defined on the basis of a few skeletal remains were contemporary and for how long? Are there any signs of the interbreeding of these two populations? Are the stone tools of the Near Eastern sites evidence the Out-of-Africa movement of humans? And so on. It is quite obvious that we do not have satisfactory answers and even worse a large number of scholars disagree on how to interpret the available fossil and archaeological records.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akazawa, T. 1987. The ecology of the Middle Paleolithic Occupation at Douara Cave, Syria. University Museum, University of Tokyo Bulletin 29:155–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allsworth-Jones, P. 1986. The Szeletian and the Transition from Middle to Upper Palaeolithic in Central Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman, A. J. 1989. On the Neolithic transition in Europe: A comment on Zveilbel and Zveilbel 1988. Antiquity 63:162–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman, A. J., and L. L. Cavalli-Sforza. 1984. The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson-Gerfaud, P. 1990. Aspects of behaviour in the Middle Palaeolithic: Functional analysis of stone tools from Southwest France, 389–418. In The Emergence of Modem Humans: An Archaeological Perspective, ed. P. Mellars. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, D. W. 1990. Migration in archaeology: The baby and the bathwater. American Anthropologist 192:895–914.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arensburg, B. 1977. New Upper Palaeolithic human remains from Israel. Eretz Israel 13:208–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arensburg, B. 1991. From sapiens to neandertals: Rethinking the Middle East. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Supplement 12:44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arensburg, B., L. Schepartz, A. M. Tillier, B. Vandermeersch, and Y. Rak. 1990. A reappraisal of the anatomical basis for speech in Middle Palaeolithic hominids. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 83:137–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, D. E. 1989. Late Paleolithic and Neolithic marine shells in the southern Levant as cultural markers, 169–74. In Shell Bead Conference, ed. C. F. Hayes. Rochester, NY: Rochester Museum and Science Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. 1975. Archaeological occurrences in the Middle Pleistocene of Israel, 571–604. In After the Australopithecines, ed. K. W. Butzer and G. L. Isaac. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. 1987. Pleistocene connexions between Africa and Southwest Asia: An archaeological perspective. The African Archaeological Review 5:29–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. 1988. The date of Southwest Asian Neanderthals, 31–38. In L’Homme de Né-andertal, ed. M. Otte. Liège: Etudes at Recherches Archéologiques de l’Université Liège.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. 1989a. Geochronology of the Levantine Middle Palaeolithic, 589–610. In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modem Humans, ed. P. Mellars and C. Stringer. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. 1989b. Upper Pleistocene cultural stratigraphy in Southwest Asia, 154–80. In The Emergence of Modern Humans: Biocultural Adaptations in the Later Pleistocene, ed. E. Trinkaus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. 1991a. Stone tools and social context in Levantine prehistory, 371–95. In Paradigmatic Biases in Mediterranean Hunter-Gatherers Research, ed. G. A. Clark. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. 1991b. The early Neolithic of the Levant: Recent advances. The Review of Archaeology 12:1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. 1992a. Middle Palaeolithic chronology and the transition to the Upper Palaeolithic in southwest Asia, 261–72. In Continuity or Replacement: Controversies in Homo sapiens Evolution, ed. G. Bräuer and F. H. Smith. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. 1992b. Middle Palaeolithic human adaptations in the Mediterranean Levant. In The Evolution and Dispersai of Modern Humans in Asia, ed. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and T. Kimura. Tokyo: Hokusen-sha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. In press. The role of Western Asia in modern human origins. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O., and A. Belfer. 1977. The Lagaman Industry, 23–41. In Prehistoric Investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, ed. O. Bar-Yosef and J. L. Phillips. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O., and A. Belfer-Cohen. 1988. The early Upper Palaeolithic in Levantine Caves, 23–41. In The Early Upper Paleolithic, ed. J. H. Hoffecker and C. A. Wolf. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O., and A. Belfer-Cohen. 1991. From sedentary hunter-gatherers to territorial farmers in the Levant, 181–202. In Between Bands and States, ed. S. A. Gregg. Carbondale, IL: Center for Archaeological Investigations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O., and L. Meignen. 1992. Insights into Levantine Middle Paleolithic cultural variability, 163–82. In The Middle Paleolithic: Adaptation, Behavior and Variability, ed. H. L. Dibble and P. Mellars. Philadelphia: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O., and J. L. Phillips. 1974. Prehistoric sites in Nahal Lavan, Western Negev. Paléorient 2:477–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O., and B. Vandermeersch. 1981. Notes concerning the possible age of the Mousterian Layers at Qafzeh Cave, 555–69. In Préhistoire du Levant, ed. J. Cauvin and P. Sanlaville. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaune, S. A. de. 1989. Essai d’une classification typologique des galets et plaquettes utilises au Paléolithique. Gallia Préhistoire 31:27–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belfer-Cohen, A. 1988. The appearance of symbolic expression in the Upper Pleistocene of the Levant as compared to Western Europe, 25–29. In L’Homme de Néandertal. Vol. 5, La Pens’ee, ed. M. Otte. Liège: Etudes et Recherches Archéologiques de l’Université de Liège.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, C. A., and C. B. Stringer. 1989. Fifty years after: Egbert, an early Upper Paleolithic juvenile from Ksar Akil, Lebanon. Paléorient 15:99–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beyries, S. 1988. Functional variability of lithic sets in the Middle Paleolithic, 213–23. In Upper Pleistocene Prehistory of Western Eurasia, ed. H. L. Dibble and A. Montet-White. Philadelphia: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binford, L. R. 1989. Isolating the transition to cultural adaptations: An organizational approach, 18–41. In The Emergence of Modem Humans, ed. E. Trinkaus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binford, L. R. 1991. Review of The Human Revolution, edited by P. Mellars and C. B. Stringer. Journal of Field Archaeology 18:111–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binford, S. R. 1968. Early Upper Pleistocene adaptations in the Levant. American Anthropologist 70:707–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boëda, E. 1988. Approche Technologique du Concept Levallois et Evaluation de son Champ d’Application: Etude de trois gisements Saliens et Weichseliens de la France Septentionale. Ph.D. diss., Université de Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boëda, E. 1990. De la surface au volume: Analyse de conceptions de débitage Levallois et laminaire, 63–68. In Paléolithique moyen récent et Paléolithique supérieur ancien en Europe, ed. C. Farizy. Nemours: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boëda, E., J. M. Geneste, and L. Meignen. 1990. Identification de chaînes operatoires lithiques du Paleolithique ancien et moyen. Paléo 2:43–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bordes, F. 1955. Le Paléolithique inférieur et moyen de Jabrud (Syrie) et la question du Pré-Aurignacien. L’Anthropologie 59:486–587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordes, F. 1961. Typologie du Paléolithique Ancien et Moyen. Bordeaux: Publications de L’Institut de Préhistoire L’Universite de Bordeaux Memoire 1:1–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordes, F. 1977. Que sont le Pré-Aurignacien et le Iabroudien? 49–55. In Moshé Stekelis, Memorial Volume, ed. B. Arensburg and O. Bar-Yosef. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boutié, P. 1989. Etude technologique de l’industrie Moustérienne de la grotte de Qafzeh près de Nazareth, Israël, 213. In Investigations in South Levantine Prehistory: Préhistoire du Sud-Levant, ed. O. Bar-Yosef and B. Vandermeersch. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowdler, S. 1992. Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia and the antipodes: Archaeological versus biological interpretations. In The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia, ed. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and T. Kimura. Tokyo: Hokusen-sha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bräuer, G. 1989. The evolution of modern humans: Recent evidence from Southwest Asia, 123–54. In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modem Humans, ed. P. Mellars and C. Stringer. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, A. S. 1991. New Human Remains from Ishango, Zaire. Paper given at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Milwaukee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cann, R., M. Stoneking, and A. C. Wilson. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature 325:31–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caton-Thompson, G. 1952. Kharga Oasis in Prehistory. London: Athlone Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., A. Piazza, P. Menozzi, and J. Mountain. 1988. Reconstruction of human evolution: Bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 85:6002–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, P. G. 1989. How different was Middle Palaeolithic subsistence? A zooarchaeological perspective on the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition, 321–37. In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modem Humans, ed. P. Mellars and C. Stringer. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherry, J. F. 1990. The first colonization of the Mediterranean Islands: A review of recent research. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3:145–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, G. A., and J. M. Lindly. 1989. The case for continuity: Observations on the biocultural transition in Europe and Western Asia, 626–76. In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modem Humans, ed. P. Mellars and C. Stringer. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, L. 1975. The Middle and Upper Palaeolithic of Lebanon and Syria in the Light of Recent Research. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, L., and F. Hours. 1981. La fin de l’Acheuléen et l’avèntment du Paléolique moyen en Syrie, 225–38. In La Préhistoire du Levant, ed. J. Cauvin and P. Sanlaville. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, L., and F. Hours. 1983. Le Yabroudien d’El Kowm (Syrie) et sa place dans le Paléolithique du Levant. Paléorient 9:39–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, S. M. J., R. Rabinovich, and N. Goren-Inbar. 1988. Population increase in Western Asia: The animal remains from Biq’at Quneitra. Paléorient 14:95–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deacon, T. D. 1989. The neural circuity underlying primate calls and human language. Human Evolution 4:367–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dibble, H. L. 1984. Interpreting typological variation of Middle Paleolithic scrapers: Function, style, or sequence of reduction? Journal of Field Archaeology 11:431–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dibble, H. L., and S. J. Holdaway. 1990. Le Paléolithique moyen de L’Abri Sous Roche de Warwasi et ses relations avec le Moustérien du Zagros et du Levant. L’Anthropologie 94:619–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Excoffier, L. 1990. Evolution of human mitochondrial DNA: Evidence for departure from a pure neutral model of population at equilibrium. Journal of Molecular Evolution 30:125–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farizy, C. 1990. The transition from Middle to Upper Palaeolithic at Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne, France): Technological, economic and social aspects, 303–26. In The Emergence of Modern Humans: An Archaeological Perspective, ed. P. Mellars. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrand, W. R. 1971. Late Quaternary Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean Area. In The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages, ed. K. K. Turekian. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrand, W. R. 1979. Chronology and paleoenvironment of Levantine prehistoric sites as seen from sediment studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 6:369–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farrand, W. R. 1982. Environmental conditions during the Lower/Middle Paleolithic transition in the Near East and the Balkans, 105–8. In The Transition from Lower to Middle Paleolithic and the Origin of Modem Man, ed. A. Ronen. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleisch, H. 1970. Les habitats du Paléolithic Moyen à Naame (Liban). Bulletin di Musée de Beyrouth 23:25–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frayer, D. W. 1984. Biological and cultural change in the European Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene, 211–50. In The Origins of Modern Humans: A World Survey of the Fossil Evidence, ed. F. H. Smith and F. Spencer. New York: Alan R. Liss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gambier, D. 1989. Fossil hominids from the early Upper Palaeolithic (Aurignacian) of France, 194–211. In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modem Humans, ed. P. Mellars and C. Stringer. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamble, C. S. 1982. Interaction and alliance in Palaeolithic society. Man 17:92–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrod, D. A. E. 1956. Achéuléo-Jabroudien et “Pré-Aurignacien” de la Grotte du Taboun (Mont Carmel); Etude stratigraphique et chronologique. Quatemaria 3:61–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrod, D. A. E. 1957. Notes sur le Paleolithique superieur du Moyen-Orient. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 54:439–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrod, D. A. E., and D. M. Bate. 1937. The Stone Age of Mount Carmel. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geneste, J.-M. 1989. Economie des resources lithiques dans le Moustérien du Sud-Ouest de la France, 75–97. In L’Homme de Néandertal. Vol. 6, La Subsistance, ed. M. Otte. Liège: Etudes et Recherches Archéologiques de l’Université de Liège.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, D. 1973. Cleavers in Early Paleolithic industries in Israel. Paléorient 1:73–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. 1981. Upper Palaeolithic tool assemblages from the Negev and Sinai, 331–42. In Préhistoire du Levant, ed. J. Cauvin and P. Sanlaville. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. 1983. Upper Palaeolithic occurrences in Sinai and the transition to the Epi-Palaeolithic in the Southern Levant. Paléorient 9:39–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. 1984a. Farah II: A Middle Palaeolithic open air site in the northern Negev, Israel. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 50:71–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. 1984b. Is the term “Epipalaeolithic” relevant to Levantine prehistory? Current Anthropology 25:227–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. 1989. The Upper Palaeolithic in the Southern Levant: Periodization and terminology. In Investigations in South Levantine Prehistory, ed. O. Bar-Yosef and B. Vandermeersch. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. 1991. The Upper Paleolithic period in the Levant. Journal of World Prehistory 5:105–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goren-Inbar, N. 1990. Quneitra:A Mousterian Site on the Golan Heights. Jerusalem: QEDEM, Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goren-Inbar, N. 1992. The Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov- An Asian or an African entity. In The Evolution and Dispersal of Modem Humans in Asia, ed. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and T. Kimura. Tokyo: Hokusen-sha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorring-Morris, A. N. 1988. Trends in the spatial organization of terminal Pleistocene hunter-gatherer occupations as viewed from the Negev and Sinai. Paléorient 14:231–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grün, R., N. J. Shackleton, and H. J. Deacon. 1990. Electron-spin-resonance dating of tooth enamel from Klasies River Mouth Cave. Current Anthropology 31:427–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grün, R., and C. B. Stringer. 1991. Electron spin resonance dating and the evolution of modera humans. Archaeometry 33:153–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grün, R., C. B. Stringer, and H. P. Schwarcz. 1991. ESR dating of teeth from Garrod’s Tabun Cave collection. Journal of Human Evolution 20:231–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrold, F. B. 1989. Mousterian, Châtelperronian and Early Aurignacian in Western Europe: Continuity or discontinuity? 677–713. In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, ed. P. Mellars and C. Stringer. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennig, G. J., and F. Hours. 1982. Dates pour le passage entre l’Acheuléen et le Paléolithique moyen à El Kowm (Syrie). Paléorient 8:81–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, D. O. 1986. The prehistory and palaeoenvironments of Jordan: An overview. Paléorient 12:5–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, D. O., and F. Servello. 1974. Compendium of C14 determinations derived from Near Eastern prehistoric sites. Paléorient 2:19–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hietala, H. 1983. Boker Tachtit: Intralevel and interlevel spatial analysis. In Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel. Vol. 3. The Advat/Agav Area, ed. A. E. Marks. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillman, G. C., and M. E. Davies. 1990. Domestication rates in wild-type wheats and barley under primitive cultivation. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 39:39–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillman, G. C., and D. R. Harris. 1989. Foraging and Farming The Evolution of Plant Exploitation. London: Unwin Hyman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hours, F. 1983. Quatre colloques récents sur la Préhistoire du Levant. Paléorient 9:110–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howell, F. C. 1959. Upper Pleistocene cultural stratigraphy and early man in the Levant. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 103:1–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howells, W. W. 1976. Explaining modern man: Evolutionists versus migrationists. Journal of Human Evolution 5:477–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, G. L. 1972. Chronology and tempo of culture change during the Pleistocene, 381–430. In Calibration in Hominoid Evolution: Recent Advances in Isotopic and Other Dating Methods Applicable to the Origin of Man, ed. W. W. Bishop and J. Miller. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jelinek, A. J. 1982a. The Middle Palaeolithic in the southern Levant with comments on the appearance of modern Homo sapiens, 57–104. In The Transition from the Lower to the Middle Paleolithic and the Origin of Modern Man, ed. A. Ronen. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jelinek, A. J. 1982b. The Tabun Cave and the Paleolithic man in the Levant. Science 216:1369–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jelinek, A. J. 1990. The Amudian in the context of the Mugharan tradition at the Tabun Cave (Mount Carmel), Israel, 81–90. In The Emergence of Modern Humans: An Archaeological Perspective, ed. P. Mellars. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. 1989. East of Wallace’s line: Issues and problems in the colonisation of the Australian continent, 743–82. In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, ed. R. Mellars and C. Stringer. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, J. 1990. The Umlatuzana rock shelter sequence: 100,000 years of Stone Age prehistory, 1–94. In Cape Town: Natal Journal of Humanities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kislev, M. E., D. Nadel, and I. Carmi. 1992. Epipalaeolithic (19,000 BP) cereal and fruit diet at Ohalo II, Sea of Galilee, Israel. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 73:161–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, R. G. 1989a. Biological and behavioural perspectives on modern human origins in Southern Africa, 529–46. In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, ed. P. Mellars and C. Stringer. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, R. G. 1989b. The Human Career. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski, J. K. 1988. The transition from the Middle to the early Upper Paleolithic in central Europe and the Balkans, 193–235. In Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski, J. K., H. Laville, and N. Sirakov. 1989. Une nouvelle séquence géologique et archéologique dans les Balkans: La Grotte Temnata à Karloukovo (Bulgarie nord). L’Anthropologie 93:159–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1980. Les analyses pollinques au moyen Orient. Paléorient 6:79–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, P. 1989. The origins of some aspects of human language and cognition, 391–414. In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, ed. P. Mellars and C. Stringer. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindly, J., and G. Clark. 1987. A preliminary lithic analysis of the Mousterian site of ’Ain Difla (WHS Site 634) in the Wadi Ali, West-Central Jordan. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53:279–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindly, J., and G. Clark. 1990. Symbolism and modern human origins. Current Anthropology 31:233–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liubin, V. P. 1989. Palaeolithic of Caucasus, Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of USSR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E. 1981. The Middle Paleolithic of the Negev, 287–98. In Préhistoire du Levant, ed. J. Cauvin and P. Sanlaville. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E. 1983. The Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in the Levant. Advances in World Archaeology 2:51–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E. 1990. The Upper and Middle Palaeolithic of the Near East and the Nile Valley: The problem of cultural transformations, 56–80. In The Emergence of Modern Humans: An Archaeological Perspective, ed. P. Mellars. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E. 1992. Upper Pleistocene archaeology and the origins of modern man: A view from the Levant and adjacent Areas. In The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia, ed. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and T. Kimura. Tokyo: Hokusen-sha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E., and C. R. Ferring. 1988. The Early Upper Paleolithic of the Levant, 43–72. In The Early Upper Paleolithic: Evidence from Europe and Near East, ed. J. F. Hoffecker and C. A. Wolf. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E., and D. Kaufman. 1983. Boker Tachtit: The artifacts, 69–126. In Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, ed. A. Marks. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E., and P. Volkman. 1986. The Mousterian of Ksar Akil. Paléorient 12:5–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • McBurney, C. B. M. 1967. The Haua Fteah (Cyrenaica) and the Stone Age of the South-East Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meignen, L., and O. Bar-Yosef. 1988. Kebara et le Paléolithique moyen du Mont Carmel. Paléorient 14:123–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meignen, L., and O. Bar-Yosef. 1991. Les industries Mousterienne de Kebara. In Une Squelette mousteriénne â Kebara, Mt. Carmel Israel, ed. O. Bar-Yosef and B. Vandermeersch. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellars, P. 1989. Major issues in the emergence of Modern humans. Current Anthropology 30:349–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mercier, N., H. Valladas, J.-L. Joron, J. L. Reyss, F. Lévêque, and B. Vandermeersch. 1991. Thermoluminescence dating of the Late Neanderthal remains from Saint-Césaire. Nature 351:737–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, A. 1985. The development of Neolithic societies in the Near East, 1–69. In Advances in World Archaeology, ed. F. Wendorf and A. E. Close. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohnuma, K. 1988. Ksar Akil, Lebanon: A Technological Study of the Earlier Upper Palaeolithic Levels at Ksar Akil. Vol. III. Levels XXV–XIV. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohnuma, K., and C. A. Bergman. 1990. A technological analysis of the Upper Palaeolithic levels (XXV–VI) of Ksar Akil, Lebanon, 91–138. In The Emergence of Modern Humans: An Archaeological Perspective, ed. P. Mellars. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otte, M. 1990. From the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic: The nature of the transition, 438–56. In The Emergence of Modern Humans: An Archaeological Perspective, ed. P. Mellars. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otte, M., and L. H. Keeley. 1990. The impact of regionalisation on the Palaeolithic studies. Current Anthropology 31:577–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palma Di Cesnola, A. 1989. L’Uluzzuen: Faciès Italien du Leptolithique Archaïque. L’Anthropologie 93:783–812.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkington, J. 1990. A critique of the consensus view on the age of Howieson’s Poort assemblages in South Africa, 34–55. In The Emergence of Modern Humans: An Archaeological Perspective, ed. P. Mellars. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelegrin, J. 1990. Observations technologiques sur quelques séries du Châtelperronien et du MTA B du sud-ouest de la France, une hypothèse d’évolution. In Paléolithique moyen récent et Paléolithique supérieur ancien en Europe, ed. C. Farizy. Nemours: Mémoires du Musée de Préhistoire Ile de France 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, J. L. 1988. The Upper paleolithic of the Wadi Feiran, Southern Sinai. Paléorient 14:183–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, J. L., and B. G. Gladfelter. 1991. The refitting of lithics and site formation processes in the Upper Paleolithic of Southern Sinai. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plisson, H. 1988. Technologie et tracéologie des outils lithiques moustériens en Union Sovietique: les travaux de V. E. Schelinski, 12–168. In L’Homme Néandertal, ed. M. Otte. Liège: Etudes et Recherches Archéologiques de l’Université de Liège.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew, C. 1987. Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roebroeks, W., J. Kolen, and E. Rensink. 1988. Planning depth, anticipation and the organization of Middle Palaeolithic technology: The ‘Archaic Natives’ meet Eve’s descendants. Helinium 28:17–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronen, A. 1979. Paleolithic industries, 296–307. In The Quaternary of Israel, ed. A. Horowitz. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronen, A. 1984. Sefunim Prehistoric Sites, Mount Carmel, Israel. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rust, A. 1950. Die Höhlenfunde von Jabrud (Syrien). Neumunster: K. Wacholtz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanlaville, P. 1977. Etude Géomorphologique de la Region Littorale du Liban. 2 Vols. Beyrouth: Université Libanaise.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanlaville, P. 1981. Stratigraphie et chronologie du Quartinaire marin du Levant, 21–32. In Préhistoire du Levant, ed. J. Cauvin and P. Sanlaville. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarcz, H. P., B. Blackwell, P. Goldberg, and A. E. Marks. 1979. Uranium series dating of travertine from archaeological sites, Nahal Zin, Israel. Nature 277:558–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarcz, H. P., W. M. Buhay, R. Grün, H. Valladas, E. Tchernov, O. Bar-Yosef, and B. Vandermeersch. 1989. ESR dating of the Neanderthal site, Kebara Cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 16:653–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarcz, H. P., P. Goldberg, and B. Blackwell. 1980. Uranium series dating of archaeological sites in Israel. Israel Journal of Earth-Sciences 29:157–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarcz, H. P., R. Grün, B. Vandermeersch, O. Bar-Yosef, H. Valladas, and E. Tchernov. 1988. ESR dates for the hominid burial site of Qafzeh in Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 17:733–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, J. J. 1988. Spear points from the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant. Journal of Field Archaeology 15:441–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, J. J. 1989. A functional study of the lithic industries associated with hominid fossils in the Kebara and Qafzeh caves, Israel, 611–25. In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, ed. P. Mellars and C. Stringer. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, T., A. B. Falsetti, and F. H. Smith. 1991. Frontal bone morphometrics of southwest Asian Pleistocene hominids. Journal of Human Evolution 20:249–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, R., and J. J. Wymer. 1982. The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, J. 1970. El-Masloukh, a Yabroudian site in Lebanon. Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth 23:143–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F. H., A. B. Falsetti, and S. M. Donnelly. 1989. Modern human origins. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 32:35–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. E. L. 1988. Palaeolithic Archaeology in Iran. Philadelphia: The American Institute of Iranian Studies, The University of Pennsylvania Museum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soffer, O. 1989. The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition on the Russian plain, 714–42. In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, ed. P. Mellars and C. Stringer. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soffer, O., ed. 1987. The Pleistocene Old World: Regional Perspectives. New York: Plenum Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sokal, R. R., N. L. Oden, and C. Wilson. 1991. Genetic evidence for the spread of agriculture in Europe by demic diffusion. Nature 351:143–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Speth, J. D., and K. A. Spielmann. 1983. Energy source, protein metabolism, and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2:1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stekelis, M. 1960. The Paleolithic deposits of Jist Banat Yaqub. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel 9G:61–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, D. S., and H. J. Hietala. 1977. Spatial analysis: Multiple procedures in pattern recognition. American Antiquity 42:539–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stiner, M. 1990. The use of mortality patterns in archaeological studies of hominid predatory adaptations. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9:305–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straus, L. G. 1989. Age of the modern Europeans. Nature 342:476–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straus, L. G. 1990. The Early Upper Palaeolithic of Southwest Europe: Cro-Magnon adaptations in the Iberian peripheries, 40 000–20 000 BP, 276–302. In The Emergence of Modern Humans: An Archaeological Perspective, ed. P. Mellars. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, C. B. 1989. Documenting the origin of modern humans, 67–96. In The Emergence of Modern Humans: Biocultural Adaptations in the Late Pleistocene, ed. E. Trinkaus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, C. B., and P. Andrews. 1988. Genetic and fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans. Science 239:1263–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, C. B., R. Grün, H. P. Schwarcz, and P. Goldberg. 1989. ESR dates for the hominid burial site of Es Skhul in Israel. Nature 338:756–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Svoboda, J., and K. Simán. 1989. The Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition in Southeastern Central Europe (Czechoslovakia and Hungary). Journal of World Prehistory 3:283–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tchernov, E. 1981. The impact of the post-glacial on the fauna of southwest Asia. In Contributions to the Environmental History of Southwest Asia. Wiesbaden: Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tchernov, E. 1987. The age of the ’Ubeidiya Formation, an early Pleistocene hominid site in the Jordan Valley, Israel. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 36:3–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tchernov, E. 1988. Biochronology of the Middle Paleolithic and dispersal events of hominids in the Levant, 153–68. In L’Homme de Néandertal, ed. M. Otte. Liège: Etudes et Recherches Archéologiques de l’Université de Liège 34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thackeray, A. I., and A. J. Kelly. 1988. A technological and typological analysis of Middle Stone Age assemblages antecedent to the Howieson’s Poort at Klasies River Main Site. South African Journal of Science 43:15–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trinkaus, E. 1984. Western Asia, 251–93. In The Origins of Modern Humans, ed. F. H. Smith and F. Spencer. New York: Alan R. Liss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trinkaus, E. 1989. The Upper Pleistocene transition, 42–66. In The Emergence of Modern Humans: Biocultural Adaptations in the Later Pleistocene, ed. E. Trinkaus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valladas, H., J.-L. Joron, G. Valladas, B. Arensburg, O. Bar-Yosef, A. Belfer-Cohen, P. Goldberg, H. Laville, L. Meignen, Y. Rak, E. Tchernov, A.-M. Tillier, and B. Vandermeersch. 1987. Thermoluminescence dates for the Neanderthal burial site at Kebara in Israel. Nature 330:159–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valladas, H., J. L. Reyss, J. Joron, G. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, and B. Vandermeersch. 1988. Thermoluminescence dating of Mousterian ‘Proto-Cro-Magnon’ remains from Israel and the origin of modern man. Nature 331:614–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Plicht, J., A. Van der Wijk, and G.-J. Bartstra. 1989. Uranium and thorium in fossil bones: Activity ratios and dating. Applied Geochemistry 4:339–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Peer, P. 1991. Interassemblage variability and Levallois styles: The case of the Northern African Middle Palaeolithic. Journal ofAnthropological Archaeology 10:107–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Zeist, W. 1988. Some aspects of Early Neolithic plant husbandry in the Near East. Anatolica 15:49–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandermeersch, B. 1981. Les Hommes Fossiles de Qafzeh (Israel). Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandermeersch, B. 1989. L’extinction des Néandertaliens, 11–21. In L’Homme de Néandertal, ed. M. Otte. Liège: Etudes et Recherches Archéologiques de l’Université de Liège 34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandermeersch, B. 1990. Réflexions d’un anthropologie à propos de la transition Mousterian Paléolithique Supérieur, 25–28. In Paléolithique moyen récent et Paléolithique superieur ancien en Europe, ed. C. Farizy. Nemours: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermeersch, P. M., E. Paulissen, M. Otte, G. Gijselings, and D. Drappier. 1988. Middle Paleolithic in the Egyptian Nile Valley. Paléorient 14:245–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volkman, P. W., and D. Kaufman. 1983. A reassessment of the Emireh point as a possible type fossil for the technological shift from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic in the Levant, 35–51. In The Mousterian Legacy, Human Biocultural Change in the Upper Pleistocene, ed. E. Trinkaus. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, J. M. 1984. Radiocarbon dating in the Southern Levant. Radiocarbon 26:297–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendorf, F., and R. Schild. 1980. Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, L. A. 1959. The Evolution of Culture. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, R. 1989. Production complexity and standardization in early Aurignacian bead and pendant manufacture: Evolutionary implications, 366–90. In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, ed. P. Mellars and C. Stringer. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolpoff, M. H. 1980. Paleoanthropology. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolpoff, M. H. 1989, Multiregional evolution: The fossil alternative to Eden, 62–108. In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, P. Mellars and C. Stringer. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, K. 1991. The origins and development of ground stone assemblages in late Pleistocene Southwest Asia. Paléorient 17:19–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yalçinkaya, I. 1981. Le Paléolithic Inférior de Turquie, 207–18. In Préhistoire du Levant, ed. J. Cauvin and P. Sanlaville. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yalçinkaya, I. 1988. Resultats recents des Fouilles a Karain en Anatolie. l’Homme de Neandertal 8:257–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, T. C., P. E. L. Smith, and P. Mortensen, eds. 1983. The Hilly Flanks and Beyond: Essays on the Prehistory of Southwestern Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zubrow, E. 1989. The demographic modelling of Neanderthal extinction, 212–31. In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, ed. P. Mellars and G Stringer. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

    Ofer Bar-Yosef

Authors
  1. Ofer Bar-Yosef
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Matthew H. Nitecki  & Doris V. Nitecki  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bar-Yosef, O. (1994). The Contributions of Southwest Asia to the Study of the Origin of Modern Humans. In: Nitecki, M.H., Nitecki, D.V. (eds) Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1507-8_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1507-8_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1509-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1507-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation