Skip to main content

A Millennium of Weather, Winds and Water in the Low Countries

  • Chapter
History and Climate

Abstract

In 1995 under the auspices of KNMI the first volume of a series of 6 books was published, where in some 4000 pages the weather in the Low Countries (present-day Benelux) for the period 1000 to present is depicted and classified. In the books1, the course of the weather during both the winter and summer season as well is followed from year to year and placed in a historical context. In summer 2000, Vol. IV, covering the era 1575–1700, will appear, meaning that the non-instrumental period will be covered. Vol. V (to be published in 2001) and Vol. VI (2002) will deal with the instrumental period.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

References

  1. J. Buisman, edt. A.F.V. van Engelen, Duizend jaar weer wind en water in de Lage Landen, Van Wijnen, Franeker (Netherlands). Vol. I, 763–1300, 1995, Vol. II, 1300–1450, 1996, Vol. Ill, 1450–1575, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  2. A.F.V. van Engelen and H.A.M Geurts., Historische Weerkundige Waarnemingen, I-V, I: Geschiedenis van weerkundige waarnemingen in het bijzonder in Nederland vóór de oprichting van het KNMI, II Vooruitstrevende ideeën over de meteorologie en klimatologie van Petrus van Musschenbroek - 1692–1761 IIa: Inleidende tekst bij de meteorologische waarnemingsreeks Utrecht/Leiden 1729–1758, Petrus van Musschenbroek, III: Een rekenmodel dat het verloop van de temperatuur over een etmaal berekent uit drie termijnmetingen van de temperatuur, IV: Nicolaus Cruquius (1678–1754) and his meteorological obeservations, V: Beschrijving antieke meetreeksen, KNMI pubi. 165–1, II, IIa, III, IV, V, (De Bilt. 1983–1992)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Merle’s MS, Considerationes temperiei pro 7 annis..the earliest known Journal of Weather, kept by the Rev. William Merle, rector of Driby, Line., repr…GJ. Symons (London 1891).

    Google Scholar 

  4. David Fabricius, Calendarium Historicum, Wettertagebuch, Resterhafe and Osteel, Ostfriesland, in Statsarchiv Aurich

    Google Scholar 

  5. Journael van tgene daegelykz gepasseert is in den oorloghe der Staeten Generael tegen de Spangiaerden ende andere vianden van de Vereenichde Nederlanden; Journaal van Anthonis Duyck, Advokaat- Fiscaal van den Raad van State, 1591–1602, ed. op last van het Dept. Van Oorlog, ini. en aant. By Lodewijk Mulder, 3 volumes (Arnhem 1862–1866)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Isaac Jacobus Beeckman, Journaal, hs. 6471, Public Record Office Middelburg; transi. A.C. Meyer with corrections by P. Moors. Cf. Journal tenu par Is. Beeckman de 1604 à 1634, ed. C. de Waard, 4 volumes (The Hague 1939–1953)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Fabio Chigi, Acta pads Westphalicae, Rheinisch Westfälischen Akad. Der Eissenschaften, Seies III, Abt. C. Dianien, Band 1: Diarum Chigi, K. 39–1651, 1 Teil, Text, Bearb. K. Repgen (Munster, 1984 )

    Google Scholar 

  8. Publican accounts of tolls at Tiel, Zaltbommel, Nijmegen, IJsseloord etc. Ducal Archives and Audit Office of Gelderland, Public Record Office in the province of Gelderland at Arnhem

    Google Scholar 

  9. J. de Vries, Histoire du climat et économie: des faits nouveaux, une interpretation differente. In: Annales Economies Sociétés Civilisations, 32, 198–226 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Accounts of the steward in Old Archive Zutphen, Public Archive Zutphen.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Briefwisseling tusschen de Gebroeders Van der Goes (1659–1673) ed. G.J. Gönnet, 2 volumes (Amsterdam 1899, 1909)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Romboudt de Doppere, [..] Chronique brugeoise de 1491–1498, découverte dans un ms de Jacques de Meyere, pubi. H. Dussart S.J. (Brussels, 1892)

    Google Scholar 

  13. F. Unsen, Onderzoek naar het optreden van winterweer in Nederland (1981), KNMI pubi. WR74–2

    Google Scholar 

  14. F. Unsen, Karaktergetallen van de winters vanaf 1706 in Zenit, 69–73 Febr. 1991

    Google Scholar 

  15. Recently at KNMI researches started to a reconstruction of daily De Bilt temperatures based upon a database with daily historical instrumental observations, carried out at some 12 locations, covering the period 1700–1900.

    Google Scholar 

  16. F. Unsen, Karakte rgetallen en tempe raturen voor winters en zomers, 1591–1705/1706, priv. memo1992,1994

    Google Scholar 

  17. Observations, Klimadaten von 1621–1650 nach Beobachtungen des Landgrafen Hermann IV von Hessen, (Kassel) by Walter Lenke, in Berichte des Deutschen Wetterdienstes Nr. 63, Band 9, (Offenbach am M. 1960)

    Google Scholar 

  18. G. Manley, Central England temperatures, monthly means 1659–1973 in Quart. Journ. Met. Soc. 100–389 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  19. F. Unsen, De zomers in Nederland vanaf 1706, thermisch bekeken KNMI pubi. W.R. 76–15 (De Bilt, 1976 )

    Google Scholar 

  20. F. Unsen, Karaktergetallen voor de zomers vanaf 1706 in Zenit, 313–315 Sept. 1991

    Google Scholar 

  21. H. Dubois, Les foires de Chalon et le commerce dans la vallée de la Saône à la fin du Moyen-Age (vers 1280-vers 1430), Paris, 1976 and J. Lavalle, Histoire et statistique de la vigne et de grands vins de la Côte d’Or, Dijon, 1855

    Google Scholar 

  22. Shabalova, M.V., and A.F.V. van Engelen, Evaluation of a reconstruction of temperature in the Low Countries AD 764–1998, submitted to Climatic Change, March 2000. For the evaluation the following series/reconstructions were used: CET (1659–1996, Manley, 1974, updated), C. Europe (1550–1994, Pfister, 1985, updated), IWI (1501–1995, Koslowski & Glaser, 1999), EUR (1068–1979, Guiot, 1992), Fennoscandia (500–1980, Briffa et al, 1992), W.-C. Europe (750–1300, Pfister et al., 1998), Tnhl (1000–1991, Jones et al, 1998) and Tnh2 (1000–1998, Mann et al., 1999 ).

    Google Scholar 

Sources for the Period 763–1575

  • Alexandre, P., Le Climat en Europe au moyen age. Contribution à l’histoire des variations climatiques de 1000 à 1425, d’après les sources narratives de l’Europe occidentale (Paris 1987 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexandre, P., Les seismes en Europe occidentale de 394 à 1259. Nouveau catalogue critique. Observatoire Royal de Belgique, série Géophysique No. Hors-série (Bruxelles, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymus, An analysis of British Earthquakes, in: British Earthquakes, an assessment by Principia Mechanica Limited for Central Electricity Generating Board, British Nuclear Fuels Limited, South of Scotland Electricity Board, vol.1, Report No: 115/82 (June 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  • Augustyn, B., Zeespiegelrijzing, transgressiefasen en stormvloeden in maritiem Vlaanderen tot het einde van de XVIde eeuw. Een landschappelijke, ecologische en klimatologische Studie in historisch perspectief (with an English summary), 4 volumes in 2 bindings ( ARA, Brüssel 1992 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, M., Per impetum maris: natural disaster and economic decline in eastern England, 1275–1350, in: B.M.S. Campbell (ed.), Before the black death, studies in the ‘crisis’ of the early fourteenth century ( Manchester, New York 1991 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertrijn. G., Chronyck der Stadt Antwerpen, toegeschreven aan den notaris Geeraard Bertrijn, G. van Havre, Maatschappij der Antwerpsche bibliophilen 5 (Antwerpen 1879 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandon, P.F., Late medieval weather in Sussex and its agricultural significance, in: Transactions of the Inst, of British Geographers 54 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandon, P.F., Agriculture and the effects of floods and weather at Barnhorne, Sussex, during the late Middle Ages, Sussex, in: Archaeol. Collections, CIX (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Britton, C.E., A Meteorological Chronology to A.D.1450,.Met. Office, Geophysical Memoirs No 70 (London 1937 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Camuffo, D., Freezing of the Venetian Lagoon since the 9th century A.D. in comparison to the climate of Western Europe and England, in: Climatic Change 10 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobras, W., Wenn der ganze Bodensee zugefroren ist… Die Seegfrörnen von 875 bis 1963 (Konstanz 1983 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dochnahl, F.J., Chronik von Neustadt an der Haardt, nebst den umliegenden Orten und Burgen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Weinjahre unter Mitwirkung von Andreas Sieber bearbeitet von Friedrich Jac. Dochnahl, fortgeführt von Karl Tavenier bis Juni 1900 (Neustadt an der Haardt 1867, Nachdruck Pirmasens 1975 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dufour, L., Quelques événements météorologiques de la fin du XIVe siècle et du début du XVe, in: Ciel et terre 93 (Bruxelles 1977 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dufour, L., Evénements météorologiques anciens d’après le Journal de Pierre Driart (1522–1535), in: Inst. Royale Métérol. de Belgique, Pubi. Série B, N° 91) 1–23 (Bruxelles 1977 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dufour, L., Quelques événements météorologiques de la première moitié du XVF siècle d’après le livre de raison de maître Nicolas Versoris, in: La Météorologie VI-73 67–73 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dufour, L., Quelques événements météorologiques du XVI e siècle dans la principauté de Liège, in: Inst. Royale Métérol. de Belgique, Pubi. Série B, N° 102 1–26 (Bruxelles 1979 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Easton, G., Les hivers dans V Europe occidentale: étude statistique et historique. (Leyden 1928 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Flohn, H., Das Problem der Klimaänderungen in Vergangenheit und Zukunft (Darmstadt 1985 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gachard M, [=L.P.] and Ch. Piot ed., Collection des voyages des souverains des Pays bas, I, Itinéraire de Philippe le hardi, Jean sans Peur, Philippe le Bon, Maximilien et Philippe le Beau, Commission Royale d’Histoire de Belgique (Bruxelles 1876 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gram-Jensen, I., Sea floods: contributions to the climatic history of Denmark, Klimatologiske meddelelser 13 (Kobenhavn 1985 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottschalk, M.K.E., Stormvloeden en rivieroverstromingen in Nederland II (Assen 1975 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grieve, H., The Great Tide, the story of the 1953 flood disaster in Essex, County Council of Essex (Chelmsford 1959 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heitzer, E., Das Bild des Kometen in der Kunst (Berlin 1995 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellmann, G., Die Meteorologie in den deutschen Flugschriften und Flugblaettern des XVI. Jahrhunderts. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Meteorologie. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-Mathematische Klasse 1921, Nr 1 (Berlin 1921 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennig, R., Katalog bemerkenswerter Witterungsereignisse von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1800.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abhandlungen des Königlich Preussischen Meteoroplogischen Instituts, Bd. II, No 4 (Berlin 1904 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington, B., A chronicle of pre-telescopic astronomy (Chichester 1996 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Houtgast, G., Catalogus aardbevingen in Nederland. KNMI-publ. 179 (De Bilt 1991 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P.D., Ogilvie, A.E.J, and T.M.L. Wigley, Riverflow data for de United Kingdom. Reconstructed Data Back tot 1844 and Historical Data back to 1556. Climatic Research Unit Univ. of East Anglia, Research Publication 8 (Norwich 1984 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, H.H., Climate, History and the modern world (London 1982 ).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, H.H., Historic storms of the North Sea, British Isles and Northwest Europe (Cambridge 1991 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, E.J., Natural Phenomena and Chronology of the Seasons, being an account of remarkable frosts, droughts, thunderstorms, gales, floods, earthquakes, etc., which have occured in the British Isles since A.D. 220, chronologically arranged (London 1870 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, M.C., Weather, Famine, Pestilence and Plague in Ireland, 900–1500, in: E.M. Crawford (ed.), Famine: The Irish experience, 900–1900, Subsistence Crises and Famines in Ireland (Edinburgh 1989 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meaden, G.T., Northwest Europe’s Great Drought the worst in Britain since 1251–1252 in: Journ. of Met., Vol. 1, 12(1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, K., Geschichte des Badischen Weinbaus, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagel, W., Die alte Dresdner Augustbrücke (Dresden 1924, T.H. Diss. 1917 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie, A.E.J., Documentary evidence for changes in the climate of Iceland, A.D. 1500 to 1800, in: Bradley R.S., and Ph.D. Jones eds., Climate since A.D. 1500 (London/New York 1992 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C., Klimageschichte der Schweiz 1525–1860. Das Klima in der Schweiz von 1525–1860 und seine Bedeutung in der Geschichte von Bevölkerung und Landwirtschaft. Band I (Bern/Stuttgart 1984 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C., Variations in the spring-summer climate of Central Europe from the High Middle Ages to 1850, in: H. Wanner, U. Siegenthaler eds. Long and short term variability of climate, Lecture notes in earth sciences (ed. by Somdev Bhattacharji et al. ) 16 (Berlin 1988 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C., Wetternachhersage, 500 Jahre Klimavariationen und Naturkatastrophen (1496–1995) (Bern/Stuttgart/Wien 1999 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C., Luterbacher, J., Schwarz-Zanetti, G. and M. Wegmann, Winter air temperature variations in

    Google Scholar 

  • western Europe during the Early and High Middle Ages (AD 750–1300), The Holocene, 8, 5, (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C., Brâzdil, R., Glaser, R., Barriendos, M., Camuffo, D., Deutsch, M., Dobrovony, P., Enzi, S., Guidoboni, E., Kotyza, O., Militzer, S., Râcz, L. and F.S. Rodrigo, Documentary evidence on Climate in sixteenth-century Europe, in Climatic change 43, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Roy Ladurie, E., Histoire du climat depuis l’an mil II, 2e ed. (Paris 1983 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rummelen, F.H. van, Overzicht van de tussen 600 en 1940 in Zuid-Limburg en omgeving waargenomen

    Google Scholar 

  • aardbevingen en van aardbevingen welke mogelijk hier hären invloed kunnen hebben doen, in: Med. Jaarversl. Geol. Bureau, No 15 (Maastricht 1942/43, 1945 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanson, J., Les anomalies du climat Parisien du XIIIe au XVIIIe siècle d’après les sorties de la châsse de Sainte Geneviève, in: La Météorologie 3e série 2 230–232 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, M., Der zugefrorene Bodensee, Beitrag zur Geschichte sehr strenger Winter in Südwest-Deutschland und der Schweiz in: Meteorol. Rundschau, 20 Jg. Heft 1 16–25 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • J.F. Schroeter, M., Spezieller Kanon der Zentralen Sonnen-und Mondfinsternisse, welche innerhalb des Zeitraums von 600 bis 1800 n.Chr. in Europa sichtbar waren. Mit 300 karten (Kristiania 1923 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert E., and B. Herrmann (hrsg), Von der Angst zur Ausbeutung, Umnwelterfahrung zwischen Mittelalter und Neuzeit (Frankfurt am Main 1994 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Speerschneider, C.I.H., Om isforholdene i Danske farvande i aeldre og nyere tid aarene 690–1860.

    Google Scholar 

  • Publikationer fra det Danske Meteorologiske Institut […], Meddelelser no. 2 (Kj0benhavn 1915 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Steensen T., (ed.), Deichbau und Sturmfluten in den Frieslanden (Bräist/Bredstedt 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tammann, G.A., and P. Véron, Halleys Komet (Basel 1985 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Vanderlinden, G.A., Chronique des événements météorologiques en Belgique jusqu’en 1834, Acad, royale de Belgique, Classe des Sciences, Mémoires, 2e série, VI (Bruxelles 1924 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wee, H. van der, The Growth of the Antwerp market and the European Economy (fourteenth-sixteenth centuries ). Ill Graphs (Louvain 1963 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weikinn, C., Quellentexte zur Witterungsgeschichte Europas von derZeitwende bis zum Jahre 1850 in:

    Google Scholar 

  • Quellensammlung zur Hydrographie und Meteorologie, Band I, T. 1., Zeitwende -1500 (Berlin 1958 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weikinn, C., Quellentexte zur Witterungsgeschichte Europas von der Zeitwende bis zum Jahre 1850, in: Quellensammlung zur Hydrographie und Meteorologie, Band I, T.2., 1501–1600 (Berlin 1960 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Witkamp, P.H., Aardrijkskundig woordenboek van Nederland, 4 vols. (Amsterdam 1877 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeomans, D.K., Comets, A chronological history of observation, science, myth, and folklore (New York 1991 ).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

van Engelen, A.F.V., Buisman, J., Ijnsen, F. (2001). A Millennium of Weather, Winds and Water in the Low Countries. In: Jones, P.D., Ogilvie, A.E.J., Davies, T.D., Briffa, K.R. (eds) History and Climate. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3365-5_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3365-5_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3361-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-3365-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics