Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diversity of Microbial Communities

  • Chapter
Advances in Microbial Ecology

Part of the book series: Advances in Microbial Ecology ((AMIE,volume 7))

Abstract

As used by microbiologists, the term diversity has various meanings, often describing qualitative morphological or physiological variances among microorganisms (Starr and Skerman, 1965; Belser, 1979; Hamada and Farrand, 1980; Hanson, 1980; Stanley and Schmidt, 1981; Walker, 1978; Yeh and Ornston, 1980). Microbial populations indeed exhibit great heterogeneity or diversity in their morphological, physiological, and ultimately genetic characteristics. An extensive list of diversifying factors that act to establish differentiating characteristics between microbial species has been discussed by Starr and Schmidt (1981). Some examples of these diversifying features are listed in Table I. These diversifying features have traditionally been employed by bacteriologists as the criteria for differentiating species. Often, the ability to recognize and distinguish species of microorganisms is difficult, but it is essential for assessing diversity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, J. E., and McCune, E. D., 1979, Application of the generalized jackknife to Shannon’s measure of information used as an index of diversity, in: Ecological Diversity (J. F. Grassle, G. Pattil, W. Smith, and C. Tallie, eds.), pp. 117–132, Statistical Ecological Series, Vol. 6, International Cooperative Publishing House, Burtonsville, Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. T., Roff, J. C., and Gerrath, J., 1981, The diatoms and dinoflagellates of Hudson Bay Canada, Can. J. Bot. 59:1793–1810.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartha, Z., and Hajdu, L., 1979, Phytoplankton community structure studies on Lake Velence, Hungary. 1. Diversity,Acta. Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 25:187–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basharin, G. P., 1959, On a statistical estimate for the entropy of a sequence of independent random variables. Theory Probab. Its Appl. (USSR) 4:333–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, C. R., Holder-Franklin, M. A., and Franklin, M., 1980, Heterotrophic bacteria in two Canadian rivers. I. Seasonal variations in the predominant bacterial populations. Water Res. 14:449–460.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, C. R., Holder-Franklin, M. A., and Franklin, M., 1982, Correlations between predominant heterotrophic bacteria and physiochemical water quality parameters in two Canadian rivers, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:269–283.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, C. R., Holder-Franklin, M. A., and Franklin, M., 1982, Seasonal fluctuations in river bacteria as measured by multivariate statistical analysis of continuous cultures. Can. J. Microbiol. 28(8):959–975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belser, L. W., 1979, Population ecology of nitrifying bacteria, in: Annual Review of Microbiology (M. P. Starr, ed.), pp. 309–334, Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belser, L., and Schmidt, E. L., 1978, Diversity in the ammonia oxidizing nitrifier population of a soil, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:584–588.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, M. A., and Bianchi, A. J., 1982, Statistical sampling of bacterial strains and its use in bacterial diversity measurement, Microb. Ecol. 8:61–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogaczewicz-Adamczak, B., 1978, The structure and production of phytoplankton in Lake Tynwalk, Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 51:328–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brawley, S. H, and Adey, W. H., 1981, The effect of micrograzers on algal community structure in a coral reef microcosm, Mar. Biol (Berlin) 61:167–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brillouin, L., 1962, Science and Information Theory. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruno, S. F., Staker, R. D., and Sharma, G. M., 1980, Dynamics of phytoplankton productivity in the Peconic Bay estuary, Long Island, New York, USA, Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci. 10:247–263.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, J. C., 1969, Factors affecting the number of species in freshwater protozoan communities, in: The Structure and Function of Freshwater Microbial Communities (J. C. Cairns, ed.), pp. 219–248, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, J. C., Kuhn, D. L., and Plafkin, J. L., 1979, Factors affecting the number of species in freshwater protozoan communities, in: The Structure and Function of Freshwater Microbial Communities (J. C. Cairns, ed.), pp. 219–248, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crow, V. L., Jarvis, B. D. W., and Greenwood, R. M., 1981, DNA homologies among acid producing strains of Rhizobium, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 31:152–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, B., and Patil, G. P., 1977, The use of community diversity indices for monitoring trends in water pollution impacts, Trop. Ecol. 18:36–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eloranta, P., 1976, Species diversity in the phytoplankton of some Finnish lakes, Ann. Bot. Fenn. 13:42–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eloranta, P., 1980, Annual succession of phytoplankton in one heated pond in Central Finland, Acta Hydrobiol. 22:421–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eloranta, P., and Kettunen, R., 1979, Phytoplankton in a watercourse polluted by a sulfite cellulose factory, Ann. Bot. Fenn. 16:338–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eloranta, P., and Kunnas, S., 1979, The growth and species communities of the attached algae in a river system in Central Finland, Arch. Hydrobiol. 86:27–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fagerberg, W. R., and Arnott, H. J., 1979, Seasonal changes in structure of a submerged blue-green algal bacterial community from a geothermal hot spring, J. Phycol. 15:445–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagerberg, W. R., and Arnott, H. J., 1981, The structure of a geothermal stream community, Bot. Gaz. 142:408–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foissner, W., 1980, Species richness and structure of the ciliate community in small water bodies of the Austrian Alps Hohe-Tauern, Arch. Protistenkd. 123:99–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamble, T. N., Betlach, M., and Tiedje, J. M., 1977, Numerically dominant denitrifying bacteria from world soils, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:926–939.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gause, G. F., 1934, The Struggle for Existence. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, A. J., and Lovitt, R., 1980, Use of numerical profiles for studying bacterial diversity, Microb. Ecol. 6:35–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimes, J. A., St. Clair, L. L., and Rushforth, S. R., 1980, A comparison of epiphytic diatom assemblages on living and dead stems of the common grass Phragmites australis. Great Basin Nat. 40:223–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hada, H. S., and Sizemore, R. K., 1981, Incidence of plasmids in marine Vibrio spp. isolated from an oil field in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:199–202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hairston, N. G., Allan, A. D., Colwell, R. R., Fustuyma, D. J., Howell, J., Lubin, M. D., Mathias, J., and Vandermeer, J. H., 1968, The relationship between species diversity and stability: An experimental approach with protozoa and bacteria. Ecology 49:1091–1101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamada, S. E., and Farrand, S. K., 1980, Diversity among B-6 strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, J. Bacteriol. 141:1127–1133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R. S., 1980, Ecology and diversity of methylotrophic organisms, in: Advances in Applied Microbiology (D. Perlman, ed.), pp. 3–40, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatano, H., and Watanabe, Y., 1981, Seasonal change of protozoa and micrometazoa in a small pond with leaf litter supply, Hydrobiologia 85:161–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauxhurst, J. D., Kaneko, T., and Atlas, R. M., 1981, Characteristics of bacterial communities in the Gulf of Alaska, USA, Microb. Ecol. 7:167–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickson, J. A., and Ehrlich, P. R., 1971, An expanded concept of species diversity, Not. Nat. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 439:1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henebry, M. S., and Cairns, J., 1980a, The effect of island size, distance and epicenter maturity on colonization in freshwater protozoan communities, Am. Midi. Nat. 104:80–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henebry, M. S., and Cairns, J., 1980b, The effect of source pool maturity on the process of island colonization: An experimental approach with protozoan communities, Oikos 35:107–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holder-Franklin, M. A., 1981, Methods of studying population shifts in aquatic bacteria in response to environmental change, Scientific Series No. 124 (D. Carlisle, ed.), Inland Waters Directorate, Water Quality Branch, Department of the Environment, Ottawa, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holder-Franklin, M. A., and Wuest, L. J., 1983, Factor analysis as an analytical method in microbiology, in: Mathematieal Methods in Microbiology (M. Bazin, ed.). Academic Press, London (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holder-Franklin, M. A., Franklin, M., Cashion, P., Cormier, C., and Wuest, L. J., 1978, Population shifts in heterotrophic bacteria in a tributary of the Saint John River as measured by taxometrics, in:Microbial Ecology (M. W. Loutit and J. A. R. Miles, eds.), pp. 44–50, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holder-Franklin, M. A., Thorpe, A., and Cormier, C. J., 1981, Comparison of numerical taxonomy and DNA-DNA hybridization in diurnal studies of river bacteria. Can. J. Microbiol 27:1165–1184.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, A., Krichevsky, M. I., and Atlas, R. M., 1983, Characteristics and diversity of subarctic marine oligotrophic, stenoheterotrophic, and euryheterotrophic bacterial populations, Can. J. Microbiol. 29:527–535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudon, C. and Bourget, E., 1981, Initial colonization of artificial substrate: Community development and structure studied by scanning electron microscopy, Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 38:1371–1384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulburt, E. M., 1963, The diversity of phytoplanktonic populations in oceanic, coastal and estuarine regions, J. Mar. Res. 21:81–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hungate, R. E., 1975, The rumen microbial ecosystem, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 29:39–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurlbert, S. H., 1971, The nonconcept of species diversity: A critique and alternative parameters, Ecology 52:577–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutcheson, K., 1970, A test for comparing diversities based on the Shannon formula, J. Theor. Biol. 29:151–154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, G. E., 1959, Homage to Santa Rosalia, or Why are there so many kinds of animals?, Am. Nat. 93:145–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, G. E., 1961, The paradox of the plankton. Am. Nat. 95:137–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • John, J. F., Jr., and McNeill, W. F., 1980, Plasmid diversity in multi-resistant Serratia marcescens isolates from affiliated hospitals, in: Current Chemotherapy and Infectious Disease (J. D. Nelson and C. Grassi, eds.), pp. 728–730, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, T. L., and Staley, J. T., 1976, Electron microscopic study of succession in the periphyton community of Lake Washington, Microb. Ecol. 2:241–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko, T., Atlas, R. M., and Krichevsky, M., 1977, Diversity of bacterial populations in the Beaufort Sea, Nature (London) 270:596–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, W. M., and Mitsch, W. J., 1979, Turbulence and phytoplankton diversity: A general model of the paradox of plankton, Ecol Model 7:201–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuserk, F. T., 1980, The relationship between cellular slime molds and bacteria in forest soil, 61:1474–1485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakkis, S., and Novel-Lakkis, V., 1981, Composition, annual cycle, and species diversity of the phytoplankton in Lebanese coastal water, J. Plankton Res. 3:123–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapointe, B. E., Niell, F. X., and Fuentes, J. M., 1981, Community structure, succession, and production of seaweeds associated with mussel rafts in the Ria-de-Arosa, northwestern Spain, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 5:243–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larrick, S. R., Clark, J. R., Cherry, D. S., and Cairns, J., Jr., 1981, Structural and functional changes of aquatic heterotrophic bacteria to thermal heavy and fly ash effluents. Water Res. 15:875–880.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaZerte, B. D., and Watson, S., 1981, The prediction of lacustrine phytoplankton diversity. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 38:524–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Legendre, L., and Legendre, P., 1982, Numerical Ecology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, N. D., Corliss, J. O., Cox, F. E. G., Deroux, G., Grain, J., Honigberg, B. M., Leedale, G. F., Loeblich, A. R., Lom, J., Lynn, D., Meringeld, E. G., Page, F. C., Poljansky, G., Sprague, V., Vavra, J., and Wallace, F. G., 1980, A newly revised classification of the Protozoa, J. Protozool. 27:27–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, M., Zar, J. H., and Karr, J. R., 1968, On the calculation of informational measures of diversity, Am. Midi. Nat. 79:257–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luckinbill, L. S., 1979, Regulation, stability, and diversity in a model experimental microcosm, Ecology 60:1098–1102.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur, R. H., and Wilson, E. O., 1963, An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography, Evolution 17:373–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur, R. H., and Wilson, E. O., 1967, The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margalef, R., 1951, Diversity of species in natural communities, Publ. Inst. Biol. Apl. (Barcelona) 9:5–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margalef, R., 1958, Information theory in ecology. Gen. Syst. 3:36–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margalef, R., 1961, Communication of structure in planktonic populations, Limnol. Oceanog. 6:124–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margalef, R., 1963, On certain unifying principles in ecology. Am. Nat. 97:357–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margalef, R., 1967, Some concepts relative to the organization of plankton, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 5:257–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margalef, R., 1968, Perspectives in Ecological Theory. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margalef, R., 1979, Diversity, in: Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology (A. Sournia, ed.), pp. 251–260, UNESCO, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, J. S., Parker, J. L, Mellinger, D. L., and Lawrence, S. G., 1981, An in situ study of cadmium and mercury stress in the plankton community of 382 experimental lakes in the area of Northwestern Ontario, Canada, Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 38:1209–1214.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, Y. P., 1980, Ecological succession of bacterial communities during the development of an experimental marine phytoplankton ecosystem, Oceanol. Acta 3:293–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, Y. P., and Bianchi, M. A., 1980, Structure, diversity, and catabolic potentialities of aerobic heterotrophic bacterial populations associated with continuous cultures of natural marine phytoplankton, Microb. Ecol. 5:265–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, R. M., 1976, Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcintosh, P. R., 1967, An index of diversity and the relation of certain concepts to diversity, Ecology 47:392–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menhinick, E. F., 1964, Density, diversity, and energy flow of arthropods in the herb stratum of a Sericea lespedoza stand. Diss. Abstr. 24:4881–4882.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, A. L., and Wassel, R. A., 1980, Aspects of diversity measurement of microbial communities, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:578–586.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. W., 1979, Factors influencing the diversity, species composition, and abundance of phytoplankton in 21 arctic and subarctic lakes. Int. Rev. Gesamte Hydrobiol. 64:485–499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. W., 1981, Benthic algae in littoral and profundal areas of a deep subarctic lake, 1981, Can. J. Bot. 59:1026–1033.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, J. H., Stoneburner, D. L., Evans, E. S., Jr., Pennington, N. E., and Meisch, M. V., 1976, Diatom diversity as a function of insecticidal treatment with a controlled release formulation of chloropyrifos. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15:630–634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noel, K. D., and Brill, W. J., 1980, Diversity and dynamics of indigenous Rhizobium japonicum populations, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:931–938.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odum, H. T., Cantlon, J. E., and Kornicker, L. S., 1960, An organizational postulate for the interpretation of species-individual distributions, species entropy, ecosystem evolution and the meaning of species-variety index. Ecology 41:395–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, B. H., Barkay, T., and Colwell, R. R., 1979, Role of plasmids in mercury transformation by bacteria isolated from the aquatic environment, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:478–485.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, R., 1949, A proposed biological measure of stream conditions, based on a survey of the Conestoga Basin, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 101:277–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, R., 1963, The structure of diatom communities under varying ecological conditions, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 108:359–365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, R., 1967, The effect of invasion rate, species pool, and size of area on the structure of the diatom community, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 58:1335–1342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, R., 1976, The formation and maintenance of benthic diatom communities, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 120:475–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, R., 1977, Ecology of freshwater diatom communities, in: The Biology of Diatoms (D. Werner, ed.). Botanical Monographs, Vol. 13, Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, R., Hohn, M. H., and Wallace, J. H., 1954, A new method for determining the pattern of diatom flora.Not. Nat. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 259:1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patten, B. C., 1961, Competitive exclusion. Science 134:1599–1601.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patten, B. C., 1963, Species diversity in net phytoplankton of Raritan Bay, J. Mar. Res. 20:57–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peele, E. R., Singleton, F. L., Deming, J. W., Cavari, B., and Colwell, R. R., 1981, Efl’ects of pharmaceutical wastes on microbial populations in surface waters at the Puerto Rico dump site in the Atlantic Ocean, Appl Environ. Microbiol. 41:873–879.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peet, R. K., 1974, The measurement of species diversity, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5:285–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pielou, E. C., 1966a, Shannon’s formula as a measure of species diversity: Its use and misuse, Am. Nat. 100:463–465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pielou, E. C., 1966b, The measurement of diversity in difl’erent types of biological collections, J. Theor. Biol. 13:131–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pielou, E. C., 1969, An Introduction to Mathematical Ecology. Wiley-Interscience, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pielou, E. C., 1975, Ecological Diversity. Wiley-Interscience, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pielou, E. C., 1977, Mathematical Ecology. Wiley-Interscience, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollingher, U., 1981, The structure and dynamics of the phytoplankton assemblages in Lake Kinneret, Israel, J. Plankton Res. 3:93–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Preston, F. W., 1962a, The canonical distribution of commonness and rarity. I, Ecology 43:185–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, F. W., 1962b, The canonical distribution of commonness and rarity. II, Ecology 43:410–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees, J. T., 1979, Community development in fresh water microcosms, Hydrobiologia 63:113–128.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Revelante, N., and Gilmartin, M., 1980, Microplankton diversity indices as indicators of eutrophication in the northern Adriatic Sea, Hydrobiologia 70:277–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richerson, P., Armstrong, R., and Goldman, C. R., 1970, Contemporaneous disequilibrium, a new hypothesis to explain the “paradox of the plankton,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 67:1710–1714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosswall, T., and Kvillner, E., 1978, Principal-components and factor analysis for the description of microbial populations, in: Advances in Microbial Ecology. Vol. 2 (M. Alexander, ed.), pp. 1–48, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saifullah, S. M., and Moazzam, M., 1978, Species composition and seasonal occurrence of centric diatoms in a polluted marine environment, Pak. J. Bot. 10:53–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuels, W. B., Uzzo, A., and Nuzzi, R., 1979, Correlations of phytoplankton standing crop, species diversity and dominance with physical-chemical data in a coastal salt pond, Hydrobiologia 64:233–238.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, H. L., 1968, Marine benthic diversity: A comparative study, Am. Nat. 102:243–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sepers, A. B. J., 1981, Diversity of ammonifying bacteria, Hydrobiologia 83:343–350.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shannon, C. E., 1948, A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst. Technol. 27:379–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shannon, C. E., and Weaver, W., 1949, The Mathematical Theory of Communications. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, A. L., 1969, Equitability indices: Dependence on species count.Ecology 50:466–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simberloff, D., 1972, Properties of the rarefaction diversity measurement, Am. Nat. 106:414–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simberloff, D., 1978, Use of rarefactions and related methods in ecology, in: Biological Data in Water Pollution Assessment: Quantitative and Statistical Analyses (K. L. Dickson, J. Cairns Jr., and R. J. Livingston, eds.), pp. 150–165, ASTM STP 652, American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, E. H., 1949, Measurement of diversity. Nature (London) 163:688.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater, J. H., 1978, The role of microbial communities in the natural environment, in: The Oil Industry and Microbial Ecosystems (K. W. A. Chater and H. J. Somerville, eds.), pp. 137–154, Heyden and Son, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater, J. H., 1980, Physiological and genetic implications of mixed population and microbial community growth, in: Microbiology—1980 (D. Schlessinger, ed.), pp. 314–316, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sneath, P. H. A., and Sokal, R. R., 1973, Numerical Taxonomy—The Principles and Practice of Numerical Classification. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa, W. P., 1979a, Experimental investigations of disturbance and ecological succession in a rocky intertidal algal community, Ecol. Monogr. 49:227–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa, W. P., 1979b, Disturbance in marine intertidal boulder fields: The nonequilibrium maintenance of species diversity. Ecology 60:1225–1239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staley, J. T., 1980, Diversity of aquatic heterotrophic bacterial communities, in: Microbiology— 1980 (D. Schlessinger, ed.), pp. 321–322, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, P. M., and Schmidt, E. L., 1981, Serological diversity of Nitrobacter from soil and aquatic habitats, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:1069–1071.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starr, M., and Schmidt, J. M., 1981, Prokaryote diversity, in: The Prokaryotes (M. P. Starr, H. Stolp, H. G. Trüper, A. Balows, and H. G. Schlegel, eds.), pp. 3–42, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starr, M., and Skerman, V. D. B., 1965, Bacterial diversity: The natural history of selected morphologically unusual bacteria, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 19:407–454.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, R. J., 1981, Microphytobenthos accumulation and current. Doctoral dissertation, 172 pp., School of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, R. J., 1983, How currents on different sides of substrates in streams affect mechanisms of benthic algal accumulation.Int. Rev. Gesamte Hydrobiol. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, R. J. and Stoermer, E. G., 1981, Quantitative differences between benthic algal communities along a depth gradient in Lake Michigan, J. Phycol. 17:29–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, R. J., and Stoermer, E. F., 1982, Abundance patterns of diatoms on Cladophora in Lake Huron with respect to a point source of wastewater treatment plant effluent, J. Great Lakes Res. 8:184–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockner, J. G., 1968, The ecology of a diatom community in a thermal stream, Br. Phycol. Bull. 3:501–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockner, J. G., and Benson, W. W., 1967, The succession of diatom assemblages in the recent sediments of Lake Washington, Limnol. Oceanogr. 12:513–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M. J., 1978, Diatom community structure: Taxonomie and statistical analyses of a Mississippi, USA, salt marsh, J. Phycol. 14:468–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M. J., 1981, Effects of canopy removal and nitrogen enrichment on a Distichlis spicata-edaphic diatom complex, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 13:119–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundman, V., 1970, Four bacterial populations characterized and compared by a factor analytical method. Can. J. Microbiol. 16:455–464.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundman, V., 1973, Description and comparison of microbial populations in ecological studies with the aid of factor analysis, Bull. Ecol. Res. Comm. (Stockholm) 17:135–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, M. J., 1976, Species diversity and the structure of microbial communities in terrestrial habitats, in: The Role of Terrestrial and Aquatic Organisms in Decomposition Processes (J. M. Anderson and A. MacFadyen, eds.), pp. 185–222, Halsted Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sze, P., 1980, Seasonal succession of phytoplankton in Onondaga Lake, New York, Phycologia 19:54–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, G. G., and Ho, J., 1981, Some effects of sewage discharge upon phytoplankton in Hong Kong, Mar. Pollut. Bull. 12:168–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinnberg, L., 1979, Phytoplankton diversity in Lake Norrviken, Sweden, 1961–1975, Holarct. Ecol. 2:150–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tipper, J. C., 1979, Rarefaction and rarefiction—the use and abuse of a method in paleoecology. Paleobiology 5:423–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toerien, D. F., 1970, Population description of the non-methanogenic phase of anaerobic digestion. HL Non-hierarchical classification of isolates by principal component analysis.Water Res. 4:305–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toerien, D. F., Hattingh, W. H. J., Kotze, J. P., Thiel, P. G., and Sibert, M. L., 1969, Factor analysis as an aid in an ecological study of anaerobic digestion, Water Res. 3:129–140.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torsvik, V. L., 1980, DNA from soil bacteria. Presented at the Second International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, University of Warwick.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trousellier, M., and Legendre, P., 1981, A functional evenness index for microbial ecology, Microb. Ecol. 7:283–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triper, H. G., and Kramer, J., 1981, Principles of characterization and identification of prokaryotes, in: The Prokaryotes (M. P. Starr, H. Stolp, H. G. Trüper, A. Ballows, and H. G. Schlegel, eds.), pp. 176–193, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaatanen, P., 1980, Factor analysis of the impact of the environment on microbial communities in the Tvarminne Area, southern coast of Finland, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:55–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, N., 1978, On the diversity of nitrifiers in nature, in:Microbiology—1978 (D. Schlessinger, ed.), pp. 346–347, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watling, L., Bottom, D., Pembroke, A., and Maurer, D., 1979, Seasonal variations in Delaware Bay, USA, phytoplankton community structure, Mar. Biol. 52:207–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker, R. H., 1975, Communities and Ecosystems. Macmillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilhm, J., Cooper, J., and Namminga, H., 1978, Species composition, diversity, biomass, and chlorophyll of periphyton in Greasy Creek, Red-Rock Creek, and the Arkansas River, Oklahoma, USA, Hydrobiologia 57:17–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C. J., and Holmes, R. W., 1981, The ecological importance of distinguishing between living and dead diatoms in estuarine sediments, Br. Phycol J. 16:345–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodwell, G. M., and Smith, H. H. (eds.), 1969, Diversity and Stability in Ecological Systems. Brookhaven Symposia in Biology, No. 22, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, W. K., and Ornston, L. N., 1980, Origins of metabolic diversity: Substitution of homologous sequences into genes for enzymes with different catalytic activities, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77:5365–5369.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshitake, S., 1981, Drifting algae in the river Tama, Japan: Dominant species, diversity index, and Motomura’s index, Jpn. J. Phycol. 29:117–120.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, USA

    Ronald M. Atlas

Authors
  1. Ronald M. Atlas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia

    K. C. Marshall

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Atlas, R.M. (1984). Diversity of Microbial Communities. In: Marshall, K.C. (eds) Advances in Microbial Ecology. Advances in Microbial Ecology, vol 7. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8989-7_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8989-7_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-8991-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-8989-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation