Abstract
Gangliosides usually make up only a small proportion of the lipids constituting the plasma cell membrane. It is also characteristic that the concentration of gangliosides and their pattern in a given organ vary widely with species and between different organs in a species. Wide variation in ganglioside pattern of the red cell membranes of various species has been known for some time (YAMAKAWA and NAGAI, 1978) and we could recently demonstrate a large difference in ganglioside pattern of intestinal mucosa between three species, viz man, pig and cow (HOLMGREN et al., 1975). On the other hand, the ganglioside patterns of the intestinal muscular layer, which reflects mainly the gangliosides of the myenteric plexus, showed only small differences. The ganglioside concentrations and patterns of mammalian brains from primates to small animals, such as rodents are similar in adults and also show similar changes during development (SUZUKI, 1965). The gangliosides also belong to the same series, almost 99% to the ganglio series, and 80–90% of them have the basic gangliotetraose structure. In our experience only one species does not conform to this general brain ganglioside picture, namely the pig; in a certain form of mini-pigs fucosylgangliotetraosylceramide was the basic structure of 15–20% of the gangliosides (KLINGHARDT G., FREDMAN P. and SVENNERHOLM L., unpublished results).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
ADEY W.R. and REES D.A. (1975): Evidence for cooperative mechanisms in the susceptibility of cerebral tissue to environmental and intrinsic electric fields, in “Functional Linkage in Biomolecular Systems”, SCHMITT F.O., SCHNEIDER D.M. and CROTHERS D.M., Eds., Raven Press (New York).
AVROVA N.F., CHENYKAEVA E.YU. and OBUKHOVA E.L. (1973): Ganglioside composition and content of rat-brain subcellular fractions. J. Neurochem. 20, 997–1004.
BRECKENRIDGE W.L., GOMBOS G. and MORGAN I.G. (1972): The lipid composition of adult rat brain synaptosomal plasma membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 266, 695–707.
LEDEEN R.W. (1978): Ganglioside structures and distribution: Are they localized at the nerve ending ? J. Supramol. Struct. 8, 1–17.
DERRY D.M. and WOLFE L.S. (1968): Ganglioside analyses of serial cryostat sections through ammon“s horn and cerebellar folia. Exper. Brain Res. 5, 32–44.
HAMBERGER A. and SVENNERHOLM L. (1971): Composition of gangliosides and phospholipids of neuronal and glial cell enriched fractions. J. Neurochem. 18, 1821–1829.
HANSSON H.-A., HOLMGREN J. and SVENNERHOLM L. (1977): Ultra-structural localization of cell membrane GM1 ganglioside by cholera toxin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3782–3786.
HOLM M. (1972): Gangliosides of the optic pathway: biosynthesis and biodegradation studies in vivo. J. Neurochem. 19, 623–629.
HOLM M. and SVENNERHOLM L. (1972): Biosynthesis and biodegradation of rat brain gangliosides studied in vivo. J. Neurochem. 19, 609–622.
HOLMGREN J., LÖNNROTH I., MANSSON J.-E. and SVENNERHOLM L. (1975): Interaction of cholera toxin and membrane GM1-ganglioside of small intestine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 72, 2520–2524.
KLENK E. (1939): Beiträge zur Chemie der Lipidosen. 3. Mitteilung Niemann-Picksche Krankheit und amaurotische Idiotie. HoppeSeyler“s Z. physiol. Chem. 262, 128–143.
KLENK E. and LANGERBEINS H. (1941): Uber die Verteilung der Neuraminsäure im Gehirn (mit einer Mikromethode zur quantitativen Bestimmung der Substanz im Nervengewebe). Hoppe-Seyler“s Z. physiol. Chem. 270, 185–193.
KORNGUTH S.S. (1974): The synapse: a perspective from in situ and in vitro studies. Rev. Neurosci. 1, 63–114.
KORNGUTH S., WANNAMAKER B., KOLODNY E., GEISON R., SCOTT G. and 0“BRIEN J.F. (1974): Subcellular fractions from Tay-Sachs brains: ganglioside, lipid, and protein composition and hexosaminidase activities. J. Neurol. Sci. 22, 383–406.
KUHN R. and WIEGANDT H. (1963): Die Konstitution der Ganglio-Ntetraose und des Gangliosides GI. Chem. Ber. 96, 866–880.
LAPETINA E.G.., SOTO E.F., DE ROBERTIS E. (1968): Lipids and proteolipids in isolated subcellular membranes of rat brain cortex. J. Neurochem. 15, 437–445.
YAMAKAWA T. and NAGAI Y. (1978): Glycolipids at the cell surface and their biological functions. Trends Biochem. Sci. 3, 128–131.
LEDEEN R.W., SKRIVANEK J.A., TIRRI L.J., MARGOLIS R.K. and MARGOLIS R.U. (1976b): Gangliosides of the neuron: Localization and origin, in “Ganglioside Function: Biochemical and Pharmacological implications”, PORCELATTI G., CECCARELLI B. and TETTAMANTI G., Eds., Advances Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol. 71, Plenum Press (New York), pp. 83–103.
LEDEEN R.W. and YU R.K. (1976): Gangliosides of the nervous system, in “Glycolipid Methodology”, WITTING L.A., Ed., American Oil Chemists“ Society ( Champaign, Illinois ), pp. 187–214.
LOWDEN J.A. and WOLFE L.S. (1964): Evidence for the location of gangliosides specifically in neurones. Canad. J. Biochem. 42, 1587–1594.
MCILWAIN H. (1963): Chemical exploration of the brain. Elsevier Publ. Co (Amsterdam), 207 pp.
NORTON W.T. and PODUSLO S.E. (1971): Neuronal perikarya and astroglia of rat brain: chemical composition during myelination. J. Lipid Res. 12, 84–90.
SUZUKI K. (1965): The pattern of mammalian brain gangliosides III: Regional and developmental differences. J. Neurochem. 12, 969–979.
SVENNERHOLM L. (1957): Quantitative estimation of gangliosides in senile human brains. Acta Soc. Med. Upsaliensis 62, 1–16.
SVENNERHOLM L. (1963): Chromatographic separation of human brain gangliosides. J. Neurochem. 10, 613–623.
WEISS P. (1976): Neurobiology in statu nascendi, in “Perspectives in Brain Research”, CORNER M.A. and SWAAB D.F., Eds., Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 45, Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co (Amsterdam), pp. 7–38.
WHITTAKER V.P. (1969): The Synaptosome, in “Handbook of Neurochemistry”, LAJHTA A., Ed., Plenum Press (New York), pp. 327–361.
WIEGANDT H. (1967): The subcellular localization of gangliosides in the brain. J. Neurochem. 14, 671–674.
WOLFE L.S. (1961): The distribution of gangliosides in subcellular fractions of guinea-pig cerebral cortex. Biochem. J. 79, 348–355.
YAMAKAWA T. and NAGAI Y. (1978): Glycolipids at the cell surface and their biological functions. Trends Biochem. Sci. 3, 128–131.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Svennerholm, L. (1980). Gangliosides and Synaptic Transmission. In: Svennerholm, L., Mandel, P., Dreyfus, H., Urban, PF. (eds) Structure and Function of Gangliosides. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 125. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7844-0_46
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7844-0_46
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-7846-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-7844-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive