Skip to main content

Inmate Adjustment to Prison

  • Chapter
The American Prison

Part of the book series: Law, Society and Policy ((LSPO,volume 4))

Abstract

Since the publication of The Prison Community (Clemmer, 1940) virtually thousands of books and articles have been published on prison life and the adjustment of prisoners to their confinement. Most authors depict prison life as destructive to inmates who reenter community life with increased knowledge concerning the mechanics of crime and a reserve of bitterness toward “the system.” In recent years, researchers have recognized that whereas incarceration impacts adversely on some prisoners, others cope relatively well with the stresses of confinement. Researchers have begun to identify factors, both external to the prison environment and internal to the inmate, as well as combinations of these factors that may influence the type of adjustment an inmate makes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abbott, J. H. In the belly of the beast. New York: Vintage, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akers, R. L., Hayner, N. S., and Gruninger, W. Prisonization in five countries: Type of prison and inmate characteristics. Criminology, 1977, 14, 527–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alpert, G. P. Prisons as formal organizations: Compliance theory in action. Sociology and Social Research, 1978, 63, 112–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Friends Service Committee. Struggle for justice: A report on crime and punishment in America. New York: Hill and Wang, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atchley, R. C., and McCabe, M. P. Socialization in correctional communities: A replication. American Sociological Review, 1968, 33, 774–785.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. Toward a unified theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 1977, 84, 191–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banister, P. A., Smith, F. V., Heskin, K. J., and Bolton, N. Psychological correlates of long-term imprisonment: I. Cognitive variables. British Journal of Criminology. 1973, 13, 312–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartollas, C., Miller, S., and Dinitz, S. Juvenile victimization: The institutional paradox. New York: Halstead Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baunach, P. J. Mothers in prison. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, L. A. The application of self-esteem measures in a correctional setting: II. Changes in self-esteem during incarceration. Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency, 1974, 11, 9–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berk, B. Organizational goals and inmate organization. American Journal of Sociology, 1966, 71, 522–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, N., Smith, F. V., Heskin, D. J., and Banister, P. A. Psychological correlates of long-term imprisonment. British Journal of Criminology, 1976, 16, 38–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonta, J., and Gendreau, P. Reexamining the cruel and unusual punishment of prison life. Unpublished Manuscript, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bukstel, L. H., and Kilman, P. R. Psychological effects of imprisonment on confined in-dividuals. Psychological Bulletin, 1980, 88, 469–493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, L. Hacks, blacks, and cons: Race relations in a maximum security prison. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, L. Towards a contextual model of inmate culture and social structure. Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology meetings, Denver, Colorado, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemmer, D. The prison community, Boston: Christopher, 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., and Taylor, L. Psychological survival: the experience of long-term imprisonment. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colvin, M. The New Mexico prison riot. Social Problems, 1982, 29, 449–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Culbertson, R. G. The effect of institutionalization on the delinquent inmate’s self-concept. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1975, 66, 88–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekland-Olson, S. Crowding and prison violence: Evidence from the post-Ruiz years in Texas. Law and Society Review, 1986, 20, 387–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, D., Grasmick, H. G., and Gilman, B. Violence in prisons: A sociological analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 1974, 80, 16–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, T. J., and Lira, F. T. Profile of mood states: Racial differences in a delinquent population. Psychological Reports, 1978, 43, 348–350.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faine, J. R. A self-consistency approach to prisonization. Sociological Quarterly, 1973, 14, 576–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feld, B. C. A comparative analysis of organization structure and inmate subcultures in institutions for juvenile offenders. Crime and Delinquency, 1981, 27, 336–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan, T. J. Correlates of institutional misconduct among state prisoners. Criminology, 1983, 21, 29–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fichtler, H., Zimmermann, R. R., and Moore, R. T. Comparison of self-esteem of prison and non-prison groups. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1973, 36, 39–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J. G. Organizational and racial conflict in maximum-security prisons. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fry, L. J. The impact of formal inmate structure on opposition to staff and treatment goals. British Journal of Criminology, 1976, 16, 126–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, D., and Orsagh, T. Violence and victimization within a state prison. Criminal Justice Review, 1977, 2, 35–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garabedian, P. C. Social roles and processes of socialization in the prison community. Social Problems, 1963, 11, 139–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garofalo, J., and Clark, R. D. The inmate subculture in jails. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 1985, 12, 415–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gendreau, P., Gibson, M., Surridge, C. T., and Hug, J. J. Self-esteem changes associated with six months’ imprisonment. Proceedings of the Canadian Congress of Criminology and Corrections, 1973, 81–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giallombardo, R. Society of women: A study of a women’s prison. New York: John Wiley, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, D. The effectiveness of a prison and parole system. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1964. Goetting, A., and Howsen, R. M. Blacks in prison: A profile. Criminal Justice Review, 1983, 8, 35–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodstein, L. Inmate adjustment to prison and the transition to community life. Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency, 1979, 16, 246–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodstein, L. A quasi-experimental test of prisoner reactions to determinate and indeterminate sentencing. In N. Parisi (Ed.), Coping with imprisonment. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodstein, L., and Hepburn, J. R. Derminate sentencing and imprisonment: A failure of reform. Cincinnati: Anderson, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodstein, L., and Lutze, F. E. Prisoner program involvement and the determinate sentence: An exploration of perceived motivations. Paper presented at the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences meeting, Washington, DC, March 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodstein, L., and MacKenzie, D. L. Racial differences in adjustment patterns of prison inmates—prisonization, conflict, stress and control. In D. Georges Abeyie (Ed.), The criminal justice system and blacks, New York: Clark Boardman, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodstein, L., MacKenzie, D. L., and Shotland, R. L. Personal control and inmate adjustment to prison. Criminology, 1984, 22, 343–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartnagel, T. F., and Gillan, M. E. Female prisoners and the inmate code. Pacific Sociological Review, 1980, 23, 85–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hautaluoma, J. E., and Scott, W. A. Values and sociometric choices of incarcerated juveniles. Journal of Social Criminology, 1973, 91, 229–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heffernan, E. Making it in prison. New York: John Wiley, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepburn, J. R., and Stratton, J. R. Total institutions and inmate self-esteem. British Journal of Criminology, 1977, 17, 237–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heskin, K. J., Bolton, N., Smith, F. V., and Banister, P. A. Psychological correlates of long-term imprisonment: III. Attitudinal variables. British Journal of Criminology, 1974, 14, 150–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heskin, K. J., Smith, F. V., Banister, P. A., and Bolton, N. Psychological correlates of long-term imprisonment: II. Personality variables. British Journal of Criminology, 1973, 13, 323–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, J. The felon. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, J. Prisons in turmoil. Toronto: Little, Brown Company, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, J., and Cressey, D. Thieves, convicts and the inmate culture. Social Problems, 1962, 10, 142–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, J. B. Street gangs behind bars. Social Problems, 1974, 21, 395–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, J. B. Stratification and conflict among prison inmates. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1976, 66, 476–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, J. B. Stateville: The penitentiary in mass society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaman, D. Behavior during the first year in prison. Research Report No. 32. Sacramento, CA: Department of Corrections, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, G. F., and Jones, D. Perspectives on inmate culture: A study of women in prison. Social Problems, 1976, 54, 590–603.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. Culture and crisis in confinement. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. Informal helping networks in prison: The shape of grass-roots correctionsl intervention. Journal of Criminal Justice, 1979, 7, 53–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. Hard time: Understanding and reforming the prison. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kassebaum, G., Ward, D., and Wilner, D. Prison treatment and parole survival. New York: John Wiley, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, D. Prison sexual violence. New York: Elsevier, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombardo, L. X. Guards imprisoned: Correctional officers at work. New York: Elsevier, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombardo, L. X. Alleviating inmate stress: Contributions from correctional officers. In R. Johnson and H. Toch (Eds.) Living in prison: The ecology of survival. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombardo, L. X. Mental health work in prisons and jails: Inmate adjustment and indigenous correctional personnel. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 1985, 12, 17–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie, D. L., and Goodstein, L. Stress and the control beliefs of prisoners: A test of three models of control-limited environments. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1986, 16, 209–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie, D. L., Goodstein, L., and Blouin, D. C. Personal control and prisoner adjustment: An empirical test of a proposed model. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 1987, 24, 49–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marquart, J. W. Prison guards and the use of physical coercion as a mechanism of prisoner control. Criminology, 1986, 24, 347–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marquart, J. W., and Crouch, B. M. Judicial reform and prisoner control: The impact of Ruiz v. Estelle on a Texas penitentiary. Law and Society Review, 1985, 19, 557–584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCorkle, L., and Korn, R. Resocialization within walls. Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, 1954, 293, 88–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meisenhelder, T. An essay on time and the phenomenology of imprisonment. Deviant Behavior, 1985, 6, 39–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, S., and Dinitz, S. Measuring institutional impact, a followup. Criminology, 1973, 11, 417–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, T., and Morris, P. The experience of imprisonment. British Journal of Criminology, 1962, 2, 337–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyer, I. L. Differential social structures and homosexuality among women in prison. Virginia Social Science Journal, 1978, 13, 13–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldroyd, R. J., and Howell, R. J. Personality, intellectual and behavioral differences between black, chicano, and white prison inmates in the Utah state prison. Psychological Reports, 1977, 41, 187–191.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osgood, D. W., Gruber, E., Archer, M. A., and Newcomb, T. M. Autonomy for inmates: Counterculture or cooptation? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 1985, 12, 71–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petersilia, J. R. Racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole, E. D., and Regoli, R. M. Race, institutional rule breaking and disciplinary response: A study of discretionary decision making in prison. Law and Society Review, 1980, 14, 931–946.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poole, E. D., and Regoli, R. M. Violence in juvenile institutions. Criminology, 1983, 21, 213–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poole, E. D., Regoli, R. M., and Thomas, C. W. The measurement of inmate social role types: An assessment. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1980, 71, 317–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porporino, F. J., and Zambie, E. Coping with imprisonment. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 1984, 26, 403–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez, J. Prisonization, staff and inmates: Is it really about us versus them? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 1984, 11, 423–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reasons, C. Racism, prisons, and prisoners’ rights. Issues in Criminology, 1974, 9, 3–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, B. The experience of long-term imprisonment. British Journal of Criminology, 1978, 18, 162–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotter, J. Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 1966, 80, (Whole No. 609).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruback, R. B., Carr, T. S., and Hopper, C. H. Perceived control in prison: Its relation to reported crowding, stress, and symptoms. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1986, 16, 375–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sapsford, R. J. Life sentence prisoners: Psychological changes during sentence. British Journal of Criminology, 1978, 18, 128–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scacco, A. M. Rape in prison. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seeman, M. Alienation and social learning in a reformatory. American Journal of Sociology, 1963, 69, 270–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seymour, J. Niches in prison. In H. Toch (Ed.) Living in prison: The ecology of survival. New York: Free Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seymour, J. Environmental sanctuaries for susceptible prisoners. In R. Johnson and H. Toch (Eds.), The pains of imprisonment. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sieverdes, C. M., and Bartollas, C. Security level and adjustment patterns in juvenile institutions. Journal of Criminal Justice, 1986, 14, 135–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slosar, J., Jr. Prisonization, friendship and leadership. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stastny, C., and Tyrnauer, G. Who rules the joint? Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Street, D. Vinter, R., and Perrow, G. Organization for treatment: A comparative study of institutions for delinquents. New York: Free Press, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, G. M. The society of captives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, G. M., and Messinger, S. L. The inmate social system. In R. Cloward (Ed.), Theoretical studies in social organization of the prison. New York: Social Science Research Council, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. W. Toward a more inclusive model of the inmate contraculture. Criminology, 1970, 8, 251–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. W. Theoretical perspectives of prisonization: A comparison of the importation and deprivation models. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1977, 68, 135–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. W. Corrections in America: Its ambiguous role and future prospects. In K. C. Haas, and G. P. Alpert (Eds.), The dilemmas of punishment: Readings in contemporary corrections. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. W., and Foster, S. Prisonization in the inmate contraculture. Social Problems, 1972, 20, 229–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. W., and Peterson, D. Prison organization and inmate subcultures. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. W., Peterson, D., and Zingraff, R. Structural and social psychological correlates of prisonization. Criminology, 1978, 16, 383–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tittle, C. R. Inmate organization: Sex differentiation and the influence of criminal subcultures. American Sociological Review, 1969, 34, 492–505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tittle, C. R. Institutional living and self-esteem. Social Problems, 1972, 20, 65–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toch, H. Living in prison: The ecology of survival. New York: Macmillan, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toch, H. Inmate classification as a transaction. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 1981a, 8, 3–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toch, H. is a “correctional officer” by any other name, a “screw?” In R. R. Ross (Ed.), Prison guard/correctional officer. Scarborough, Ontario: Butterworth, 1981b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toch, H., and Grant, J. D. Reforming human services: change through participation. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toch, H., and Klofas, J. Alienation and desire for job enrichment among correctional officers. Federal Probation, 1982, 46, 35–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Troyer, J. C., and Frease, D. E. Attitude change in a western Canadian penitentiary. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Corrections, 1975, 7, 250–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, D., and Kassebaum, B. B. Women’s prison: Sex and social structure. Chicago: Aldine, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellford, C. Factors associated with adoption of the inmate code: A study of normative socialization. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 1967, 58, 197–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, S. Socialization in correctional communities. American Sociological Review, 1961, 26, 697–712.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wooden, W. S., and Parker, J. Men behind bars: Sexual exploitation in prison. New York: Plenum, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, K. N. Improving correctional classification through a study of the placement of inmates in environmental settings. Binghamton, NY: Center for Social Analysis, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, T., Holman, T., Steele, T., and Silverstein, G. Locus of control and mastery in a reformatory: A field study of defensive externality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1980, 38, 1005–1013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zambie, E., and Porporino, F. Coping behavior and adaptation in prison inmates. New York: Springer Verlag, 1988.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Goodstein, L., Wright, K.N. (1989). Inmate Adjustment to Prison. In: Goodstein, L., MacKenzie, D.L. (eds) The American Prison. Law, Society and Policy, vol 4. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5652-3_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5652-3_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5654-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5652-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics