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Brain Noradrenergic Neurons, Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, and Stress

  • Chapter
Neural and Endocrine Peptides and Receptors

Abstract

The hallmark of the organismic state of stress, and the endpoint that has been utilized to determine whether a stimulus is stressful, is the release of adrenocorti-cotropin (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary. It has long been assumed that ACTH release is controlled by a hypothalamic releasing factor. Such a substance, corti-cotropin-releasing factor (CRF, a 41-amino-acid peptide), has recently been isolated, characterized, and synthesized by Vale and colleagues (1981). Substantial evidence, reviewed in this chapter, now suggests that in addition to its function as a releasing factor, CRF may act as a neurotransmitter. CRF-containing cell bodies and fibers have been localized in extrahypothalamic regions, and administration of CRF elicits physiological and behavioral effects that do not depend on the integrity the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. In these dual roles, CRF may act synergistically as a hypothalamo-pituitary releasing factor and as a neurotransmitter in extrahypothalamic circuits to mobilize the organism to respond to “stressful” situations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., 20037, USA

    Rita J. Valentino

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA

    Stephen L. Foote

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  1. The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA

    Terry W. Moody

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Valentino, R.J., Foote, S.L. (1986). Brain Noradrenergic Neurons, Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, and Stress. In: Moody, T.W. (eds) Neural and Endocrine Peptides and Receptors. GWUMC Department of Biochemistry Annual Spring Symposia. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5152-8_9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5152-8_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5154-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5152-8

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