Skip to main content

Abstract

Most coal requires some preparation before use. Preparation may range from simply crushing to provide a size consist suitable for certain types of boilers to extensive size reduction and cleaning to remove sulfur and ash-forming mineral matter. At present, coal cleaning is accomplished through physical separation of particles low in mineral content from particles high in mineral content. In the future it may include chemical and biological treatment for removal of certain impurities from coal. In this chapter, the present state of the art of coal cleaning and promising new technological developments will be reviewed. Attention will also be given to problems requiring further research and development.

Ames Laboratory is operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by Iowa State University under Contract No. W-7405-Eng-82.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abel, W. T., Zulkoski, M., Brady, G. A., and Eckerd, J. W., 1973, Removing pyrite from coal by dry-separation methods, U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 7732.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams-Viola, M., Botsaris, G. D., and Glazman, Y. M., 1980, An investigation of the hydrophilic/oleophilic nature of various coals: Its importance to the stability and rheological properties of coal-oil mixtures, presented at 179th national meeting of Am. Chem. Soc. (March 27, 1980), Houston, Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Advanced Energy Dynamics, Inc., 1980, Pilot plant program for the AED advanced coal cleaning system, Phase II Interim Final Report, Natick, Massachsusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal, J. C., Giberti, R. A. , Irminger, P. F., Petrovic, L. J., and Sareen, S. S., 1975, Chemical desulfurization of coal, Min. Congr. J. 61(3):40–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal, J. C., Giberti, R. A., and Petrovic, L. J., 1976, Method for removal of sulfur from coal. U. S. Patent 3,960,513 (June 1, 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexis, J., 1980, Cleaning coal and refuse fines with the Humphreys spiral concentrator, Min. Eng. (N.Y.) 32(8):1224–1228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. M., Parobek, L., Bergougnou, M. A., and Inculet, I.I., 1979, Electrostatic separation of coal macerals, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. IA-15(3):291–293.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, G. F., and Maczuga, J., 1982, Bacterial coal desulfurization, presented at 4th Symp. for Biotechnology in Energy Production and Conservation, Gatlinburg, Tennessee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous, 1980, Spirals are returning to the coal washing circuit, Coal Age 85(1):67–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aplan, F. F., 1977, Use of the flotation process for desulfurization of coal, in: Coal Desulfurization, Chemical and Physical Methods (T. D. Wheelock, ed.), ACS Symposium Series 64, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C., pp. 70–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attar, A., 1980, Study of precombustion methods of chemical coal cleaning, presented at Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, November 16–19, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attar, A., and Corcoran, W. H., 1977, Sulfur compounds in coal, Ind. Eng. Chem., Prod. Res.Dev. 16(2):168–170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgartner, F. E., 1978, Washing raw coal to zero with heavy media cyclones. Min. Congr. J. 64(10):45–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baur, P. S., 1981, Coal cleaning: improve boiler performance and reduce SO2 emissions, Power 125(9):S-1–S-15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bechtel Corp., 1977, Environmental control implications of generating electric power from coal, 1977 Technology Status Report, Appendix A, Part 1, Coal Preparation and Cleaning Assessment Study, ANL/ECT-3, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bechtel Corp., 1980a, Coal preparation using magnetic separation, Vol. 5: Evaluation of magnetic coal desulfurization concepts, EPRI CS-1517, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bechtel Corp., 1980b, An analysis of chemical coal cleaning processes, Final Report prepared for U.S. DOE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckberger, L. H., Burk, E. H., Grosboll, M. P., and Yoo, J. S., 1979, Preliminary evaluation of chemical coal cleaning by promoted oxydesulfurization, Final Report. EPRI EM-1044 Project 833–1 (April 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beddow, J. K., 1981, Dry separation techniques, Chem. Eng. 88(16)70–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bensley, C. N., Swanson, A. R., and Nicol, S. K., 1977, The effect of emulsification on the selective agglomeration of fine coal, Int. J. Miner. Process. 4:173–184.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergougnou, M. A., Inculet, I. I., Anderson, J., and Parobek, L., 1977, Electrostatic beneficiation of coal in a fluidized state, J. Powder Bulk Solids Tech. 1(3):22–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bethe, W. P., 1980, Impact of changing raw coal properties and market trends on coal preparation, in: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Coal Research (September 1–5, 1980), Düsseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany, Vol. II, pp. 701–721.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, D. L., 1981, Personal communication, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bluhm, D. D., Fanslow, G. E., Beck-Montgomery, S., and Nelson, S. O., 1981, Selective magnetic enhancement of pyrite in coal by dielectric heating at 27 and 2450 MHz, in: Chemistry andPhysics of Coal Utilization—1980 (B. R. Cooper and L. Petrakis, eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 70, Am. Inst. Physics, New York, pp. 417–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boron, D. J., Dietz, A. G., and Taylor, S. R., 1981, Sulphur removal from coal via hydrogen peroxide oxidation, Fuel 60:991–992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger, J. R., 1980a, Froth flotation is on the rise, Coal Age 85(3):99–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burger, J. R., 1980b, Prep plant builders are optimistic, Coal Age 85(1):54–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burk, E. H., Yoo, J. S., and Karch, J. A., 1979, Process for removing sulfur from coal, U. S. Patent 4,097,244 (June 27, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burk, E. H., Yoo, J. S., and Karch, J. A., 1979, Process for removing sulfur from coal, U. S. Patent 4,158,548 (June 19, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cammack, P., 1980, R & D in British coal preparation, Coal Age 85(1):96–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capes, C. E., and Germain, R. J., 1982, Selective oil agglomeration in fine coal beneficiation, in: Physical Cleaning of Coal: Present and Developing Methods (Y. A. Liu, ed.) Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 293–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capes, C. E., McIlhinney, A. E., Sirianni, A. F., and Puddington, I. E., 1973, Bacterial oxidation in upgrading pyritic coal. Can. Min. Metall. Bull. 66(739):88–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capes, C. E., Coleman, R. D., Fouda, A. E., Thayer, W. L., and Messer, L., 1979, Pilot plant testing of the spherical agglomeration process in coal preparation, in: Proceedings 16th Biennial Conference of The Institute for Briquetting and Agglomeration (Aug. 1979, San Diego, California), Vol. 16, pp. 73–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavallaro, J. A., and Van Eck, O. J., 1973, Preparation characteristics and desulfurization potential of Iowa coals, Report of investigations 7830, U.S. Bureau of Mines.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavallaro, J. A., Johnston, M. T., and Deurbrouck, A. W., 1976, Sulfur reduction potential of the coals of the United States, Report of Investigations 8118, U. S. Bureau of Mines.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra, D., Roy, P., Mishra, A. K., Chakrabarti, J. N., and Sengupta, B., 1979, Microbial removal of organic sulphur from coal. Fuel 58:549–550.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, W. L., 1980, Batac jig cleaning in five U. S. plants, Min. Eng. (N.Y.) 32(9): 1346–1350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chuang, K.-C., Chen, M.-C., Greer, R. T., Markuszewski, R., Sun, Y., and Wheelock, T. D., 1980, Pyrite desulfurization by wet oxidation in alkaline solutions, Chem. Eng. Commun. 7(13):79–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chuang, K. C., Markuszewski, R., and Wheelock, T. D., 1983, Desulfurization of coal by oxidation in alkaline solutions, Fuel Processing Technology, 7:43–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, R. M., 1979, Economics of coal cleaning and flue gas desulfurization for compliance with revised NSPS for utility boilers, in: Proceedings: Symposium on Coal Cleaning to Achieve Energy and Environmental Goals (September, 1978, Hollywood, Florida), Volume I (S. E. Rogers and A. W. Lemmon, Jr., eds.), EPA-600/7–79-098a, pp. 324–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, R. D., Sutherland, J. P., and Capes, C. E., 1967, Reduction of the calcite content of ground shale by liquid-liquid particle transfer, J. Appl. Chem. 17:89–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colmer, A. R., and Hinkle, M. E., 1947, The role of microorganisms in acid mine drainage, Science 106:253–256.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colmer, A. R., Temple, K. L., and Hinkle, M. E., 1950, An iron-oxidizing bacterium from the acid drainage of some bituminous coal mines, J. Bacteriol. 59:317–328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Contos, G. Y., Frankel, I. F., and McCandless, L. C., 1978, Assessment of coal cleaning technology: an evaluation of chemical coal cleaning processes, EPA-600/7–78-173a (August 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Corriveau, M. P., and Schapiro, N., 1979, Projecting data from samples, in: Coal Preparation, 4th ed. (J. W. Leonard, ed.), Am. Inst. Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engrs., New York, pp. 4–30–4–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, A., 1946, The de-ashing of coal by combined jig washing, froth flotation, and extraction with caustic soda, BIOS Final Report No. 522, Item No. 30, Feb. 19, 1946, British Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee, London, (A.T.I.-118668, Central Air Documents Office, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio).

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, S. K., and Yang, R. T., 1980, Coal cleaning using sodium hydroxide and acid solutions, presented at 109th AIME meeting (February 26, 1980), Las Vegas, Nevada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Datta, R. S., Howard, P. H., and Hanchett, A., 1976, Feasibility study of pre-combustion coal cleaning using chemical comminution, Final Report, FE-1777–4, Syracuse Research Corp., Syracuse, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, B. W., 1979, Method of recovering coal in aqueous slurry form, U.S. Patent 4,132,448 (January 2, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • De Rienzo, P. P., Destefanis, R., and Trapani, C. M., 1978, Is coal preparation cost effective for sulfur removal in electric power generation?, presented at 85th National Meeting of Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs., Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Detz, C. M., and Barvinchak, G., 1979, Microbial desulfurization of coal, Min. Congr. J. 65:75–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz, A. F., and Guth, E. D., 1975, Coal desulfurization process, U. S. Patent 3,909,211 (September 30, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, W. W., 1981, Testimony presented to the Illinois federal-state coordinating task force on energy, Hearing No. 2, Chicago, Illinois (September 3, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dondelewski, M. A., 1980, Hydrodesulfurization of coal with hydrogen peroxide in brine solution, U. S. Patent 4,183,730 (January 15, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Draeger, E. A., 1977, Coal preparation plants, in: Energy Technology Handbook (D. M. Considine, ed.), McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, pp. 1–117–1–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Draeger, E. A., and Collins, J. W., 1980, Efficient use of water only cyclones, Min. Eng. (N.Y.) 32(8):1215–1217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dugan, P. R., and Apel, W. A., 1978, Microbial desulfurization of coal, in: Metallurgical Applications of Bacterial Leaching and Related Microbiological Phenomena, (L. E. Murr, A. E. Torma, and J. A. Brierley, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 223–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Electric Power Research Institute, 1981, Coal-cleaning facility gears up for testing, Executive Report (August 1981), Palo Alto, California, pp. 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eliot, R. C. (ed.), 1978, Coal Desulfurization Prior to Combustion, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ergun, S., and Bean, E. H., 1968, Magnetic separation of pyrite from coals, U. S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 7181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finnerty, W. R., 1980, Microbial desulfurization and denitrogenation, presented at the American Chemical Society Meetings, Las Vegas, Nevada, August 16, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Firth, B. A., Swanson, A. R., and Nicol, S. K., 1979, Flotation circuits for poorly floating coals, Int. J. Miner. Process. 5:321–334.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, D. K., Smith, R. D., and Rosario Y., Aguino, M., 1977, Hydrodesulfurization of coals, in: Coal Desulfurization: Chemical and Physical Methods (T. D. Wheelock, ed.), ACS Symposium Series 64, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C., pp. 267–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fourie, P. J. F., 1980, Dense medium beneficiation of minus 0.5 mm coal in the Republic of South Africa, in: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Coal Research (September 1–5, 1980), Düsseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany, Vol. II, pp. 737–747.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, S., and Warzinski, R. P., 1977, Chemical cleaning of coal, Eng. Power 99(3):361–364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, S., LaCount, R. B., and Warzinski, R. P., 1977, Oxidative desulfurization of coal, in: Coal Desulfurization: Chemical and Physical Methods (T. D. Wheelock, ed.), ACS Symposium Series 64, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C., pp. 164–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, T. J., Plants, K. D., and Morel, W. C., 1979, Chemical desulfurization: a misunderstood technology, Coal Min. Process. 16(8):60–63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giberti, R. A., Opalanko, R. S., and Sinek, J. R., 1979, The potential for chemical coal cleaning: reserves, technology, and economics, in: Proceedings: Symposium on Coal Cleaning to Achieve Energy and Environmental Goals (September 1978, Hollywood, Florida), Vol. II (S. E. Rogers and A. W. Lemmon, Jr., eds.), EPA-600/7–79-098b, pp. 1064–1095.

    Google Scholar 

  • Given, P. H., and Wyss, W. F., 1961, The chemistry of sulfur in coal, Br. Coal Util. Res. Assoc.Mon. Bull. 25(5): 65–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glembotskii, V. A., Klassen, V. I., and Plaksin, I. N., 1972, Flotation, Primary Sources, New York, pp. 406–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gluskoter, H. J., 1975, Mineral matter and trace elements in coal, in: Trace Elements in Fuel, Adv. in Chem. Series No. 141 (S. P. Babu, ed.), Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D. C., pp. 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfried, B. S., and Jacobsen, P. S., 1977, Generalized distribution curve for characterizing the performance of coal-cleaning equipment, Report of Investigations 8238, U.S. Bureau of Mines.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grady, W. C., and Muter, R. B., 1979, Bacterial removal of sulfur from coal, in: Coal Preparation (J. W. Leonard, ed.), 4th edition, Am. Inst. Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engrs., New York, pp. 20–43–20–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, P., 1981, Test plant cleans with five circuits, Coal Age 86(7):122–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greer, R. T., 1977, Coal microstructure and pyrite distribution, in: Coal Desulfurization: Chemicaland Physical Methods (T. D. Wheelock, ed), ACS Symposium Series 64, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C.,pp. 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guth, E. D., 1979, Oxidative coal desulfurization using nitrogen oxides—the KVB process, in: Proceedings: Symposium on Coal Cleaning to Achieve Energy and Environmental Goals (Sep. 1978, Hollywood, Florida), Vol II (S. E. Rogers and A. W. Lemmon, Jr., eds.), EPA-600/7–79-0986, pp. 1141–1164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E. H., and Raines, G. E., 1979, The use of coal cleaning for complying with SO2 emission regulations, in: Proceedings: Symposium on Coal Cleaning to Achieve Energy and Environmental Goals (September 1978, Hollywood, Florida), Vol. I (S. E. Rogers and A. W. Lemmon, Jr., eds.), EPA-600/7–79-098a pp. 416–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halvorsen, W. J., 1981, Personal communication, Consolidation Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamersma, J. W., Kraft, M. L., and Meyers, R. A., 1977, Applicability of the Meyers process for chemical desulfurization of coal (a survey of 35 coals), in: Coal Desulfurization: Chemicaland Physical Methods (T. D. Wheelock, ed.), ACS Symposium Series 64, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D. C., pp. 143–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, R. C., 1981, Economic benefits of sluice type concentrators in the preparation of fine coal, in: Papers Presented Before the Symposium on Coal Preparation and Utilization, Coal Conference and Expo VI, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, pp. 178–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, L. A., and Hise, E. C., 1981, The application of coal petrography to the evaluation of magnetically separated dry crushed coals, presented at National meeting of Am. Inst. Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engrs. (February, 1981), Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrold, R., 1978, Portable plants for small operations, Coal Age 83(1):106–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hise, E. C., 1980, Sulfur and Ash Reduction in Coal by Magnetic Separation, presented at Second U. S. DOE Environmental Control Symposium (March 17–19, 1980), Reston, Virginia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hise, E. C., and Holman, A. S., 1981, Selective separation of coal feedstocks for conversion by magnetic separation techniques, presented at 91st National Meeting of Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs., Detroit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hise, E. C., Wechsler, I., and Doulin, J. M., 1979, Separation of dry crushed coals by high-gradient magnetic separation, ORNL-5571, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hise, E. C., Wechsler, I., and Doulin, J. M., 1981a, The continuous separation of dry crushed coal at one ton per hour by high-gradient magnetic separation, ORNL-5763, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hise, E. C., Holman, A. S., and Friedlaender, F. J., 1981b, Development of high-gradient and open-gradient magnetic separation of dry fine coal, IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-17(6):3314–3316.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, L., Aresco, S. J., Holt, E. C., and Deurbrouck, A. W., 1976, Engineering/economic analyses of coal preparation with SO2 clean-up processes for keeping higher sulfur coals in the energy market, in: Papers Presented Before the Second Symposium on Coal Preparation, NCA/BCR Coal Conference and Expo III, National Coal Association, Washington, D.C., pp. 82–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman-Holt, Inc., 1982, Engineering economic analysis of coal preparation with flue gas desulfurization for keeping higher sulfur coals in the energy market, DOE/RE-0020, Silver Springs, Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsely, R. M., and Smith, H. G., 1951, Principles of coal flotation, Fuel 30(3):54–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, P. H., and Datta, R. S., 1977, Chemical comminution: A process for liberating the mineral matter in coal, in: Coal Desulfurization: Chemical and Physical Methods (T. D. Wheelock, ed.), ACS Symposium Series 64, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D. C., pp. 58–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, G. C., Kalvinskas, J. J., Ganguli, P. S., and Gavalas, G. R., 1977, Coal desulfurization by low-temperature chlorinolysis, in: Coal Desulfurization: Chemical and Physical Methods (T. D. Wheelock, ed.), ACS Symposium Series 64, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C., pp. 206–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, G. C., Gavalas, G. R., Ganguli, P. S., and Kalfayan, S. H., 1978, Coal desulfurization process, U. S. Patent 4,081,250 (March 28, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hucko, R. E., and Miller, K. J., 1980, A technical performance comparison of coal-pyrite flotation and high-gradient magnetic separation, RI-PMTC-10(80), U. S. Department of Energy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iannicelli, J., 1976, New developments in magnetic separation, IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-12(5):436–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inculet, I. I., Bergougnou, M. A., and Brown, J. D., 1982, Electrostatic beneficiation of coal, in: Physical Cleaning of Coal: Present and Developing Methods (Y. A. Liu, ed.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 87–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs, G. A., Ressi, R. A., and Spaite, P. W., 1980, Cost benefits associated with the use of physically cleaned coal, EPA-600/7–80-105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkinson, D. E., Rotating probability screens, Min. Congr. J. 68(7):29–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, H. P., 1979, Process for comminuting and reducing the sulfur and ash content of coal, U. S. Patent 4,169,710 (October 2, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jowett, A., El-Sinbawy, H., and Smith, H. G., 1956, Slime coating of coal in flotation, Fuel 36:303–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalvinskas, J. J., and Hsu, G. C., 1979, JPL coal desulfurization process by low temperature chlorinolysis, in: Proceedings: Symposium on Coal Cleaning to Achieve Energy and Environmental Goals (September 1978, Hollywood, Florida), Vol. II (S. E. Rogers and A. W. Lemmon Jr., eds.), EPA-600/7–79-098b pp. 1096–1140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalvinskas, J. J., Grohman, K., and Rohatgi, N., 1979, Chlorination process for coal desulfurization, Presented at Coal Age Conf., Louisville, Kentucky (October 23–25, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalvinskas, J., Rohatgi, N., and Ernest, J., 1981, Coal desulfurization by low temperature chlorinolysis, phase III, Final Report to the US. DOE, JPL, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California (March 1, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, D. V., 1982a, The Otisca process: An anhydrous heavy-liquid separation process for cleaning coal, in: Physical Cleaning of Coal: Present and Developing Methods (Y. A. Liu, ed.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 35–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, D. V., 1982b, Personal communication (January 15, 1982), Otisca Industries, Ltd., Syracuse, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, D. V., and Rainis, A., 1980, Processes for recovering coal, U. S. Patent 4,186,887 (February 5, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, D. V., and Rainis, A., 1981, The Otisca process: A pilot plant study of dense liquid separation, Final Report, CS-1705 (February 1981). Otisca Industries, Ltd., Syracuse, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, D. V., and Smith, C. D., 1976, Spontaneous fracture of coal, Fuel 55(4):273–280.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, D. V., Smith C. D., and Burch, E. P., 1977, Demonstration plant test results of the Otisca heavy liquid beneficiation of coal, Presented at annual meeting of Society of Mining Engineers of AIME (March 7, 1977), Atlanta, Georgia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kempton, A. G., Moneib, N., McCready, R. G. L., and Capes, C. E., 1980, Removal of pyrite from coal by conditioning with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans followed by oil agglomeration, Hydrometallurgy 5:117–125.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilgroe, J. D., and Pfeiffer, H. G., 1981, Coal cleaning in relation to the clean air act, in: PapersPresented Before the Symposium on Coal Preparation and Utilization, Coal Conference andExpo IV, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, pp. 277–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Killmeyer, R. P., 1979, A performance study of Baum and Batac jigs, Min. Congr. J. 65:(8):42–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Killmeyer, R. P., 1982, Coal preparation for synfuels—where do we stand?, Energy Progr. 2(1):14–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kindig, J. K., 1979, The Magnex process: Review and current status, in: Industrial Applicationsof Magnetic Separation (Y. A. Liu, ed.), Publication No. 78CH1447–2MAG, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York, pp. 99–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kindig, J. K, and Goens, D. N., 1979, The dry removal of pyrite and ash from coal by the Magnex process, coal properties and process variables, in: Proceedings: Symposium on Coal Cleaning to Achieve Energy and Environmental Goals (September 1978, Hollywood, Florida), Vol. II (S. E. Rogers and A. W. Lemmon Jr., eds.), EPA-600/7–79-098b, pp. 1165–1195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruse, C. W., and Shimp, N. F., 1981, Removal of organic sulfur by low-temperature carbonization of Illinois coals, Coal Process. Technol. 8:124–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, J. W. (ed.), 1979, Coal Preparation, 4th ed., Am. Inst. Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engrs., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard W. G., Greer, R. T., Markuszewski, R., and Wheelock, T. D., 1981, Coal desulfurization and deashing by oil agglomeration, Separation Sci. Technol. 16(10):1589–1609.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liller, D. I., 1981, Coal desulfurization and demineralization with low cost high capacity centrifugal cyclone separators, in: Papers Presented Before the Symposium on Coal Preparation andUtilization, Coal Conference and Expo VI, McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, pp. 156–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C. J., Liu, Y. A., Vives, D. L., Oak, M. J., and Crow, G. E., 1976, Pilot-scale studies of sulfur and ash removal from coals by high gradient magnetic separation, IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-12(5):513–521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y. A., and Lin, C. J., 1976, Assessment of sulfur and ash removal from coals by magnetic separation, IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-12(5):538–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y. A., and Lin, C. J., 1978, Status and problems in the development of high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) processes applied to coal beneficiation, in: Proceedings of the Engineering Foundation Conference on Clean Combustion of Coal, EPA-600/7–78-073, pp. 109–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luborsky, F. E., 1978, High-gradient magnetic separation for removal of sulfur from coal, Interagency Energy Environment R&D Program Report, FE-8969–1 (EPA-600/7–78-208).

    Google Scholar 

  • Markuszewski, R., Chuang, K.-C., and Wheelock, T. D., 1979, Coal desulfurization by leaching with alkaline solutions containing oxygen, in: Proceedings: Symposium on Coal Cleaning to Achieve Energy and Environmental Goals (September 1978, Hollywood, Florida), Vol. II. (S. E. Rogers and A. W. Lemmon Jr., eds.), EPA-600/7–79-098b, pp. 1039–1063.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markuszewski, R., Wei, C.-K., and Wheelock, T. D., 1980, Oxydesulfurization of coal treated with methyl iodide—Implications for removal of organic sulfur, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. FuelChem. Prepr. 25(2):187–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markuszewski, R., Miller, L. J., Straszheim, W. E., Fan, C. W., Wheelock, T. D., and Greer, R. T., 1981, Evaluation of the removal of organic sulfur from coal, in New Approaches inCoal Chemistry (B.D. Blaustein, B.C. Bockrath, and S. Friedman, eds.), ACS Symposium Series 169, Am Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C., pp. 401–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markuszewski, R., and Chiotti, P., 1982, Regeneration of alkali in the fused salt desulfurization system, Fossil Energy Annual Report, October 1, 1981-September 30, 1982, IS-4816, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, pp. 39–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masciantonio, P. X., 1965, The effect of molten caustic on pyritic sulfur in bituminous coal, Fuel 44:269–275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathieu, G. L, and Boire, A., 1981, Wet and dry high-gradient magnetic cleaning of eastern coals, in: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coal: Phoenix of the 80’s (64th Annual CIC Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, May 31-June 3, 1981), pp. 188–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, R., 1978, High-gradient magnetic separation in coal desulfurization, in: Scientific Problemsof Coal Utilization (B. R. Cooper, Ed.), CONF-770509, DOE Symposium Series 46, U. S. Department of Energy.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCandless, L. C., and Contos, G. Y., 1979, Current status of chemical coal cleaning processes—An overview, in: Proceedings: Symposium on Coal Cleaning to Achieve Energy and Environmental Goals (September 1978, Hollywood, Florida), Vol. II (S. E. Rogers and A. W. Lemmon Jr., eds.), EPA-600/7–79-098b, pp. 934–959.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClung, J. D., Greer, M. R., and Gluskoter, H. J., 1979, Properties of coal and coal impurities, in: Coal Preparation, 4th ed. (J. W. Leonard, ed.), Am. Inst. Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engrs., New York, Chap. 1, pp. 69–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehrotra, V. P., and Sastry, K. V. S., 1980, Oil agglomeration offers technical and economical advantages, Min. Eng. (N.Y.) 32(8):1230–1235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merritt, P. C. (ed.), 1978, Directory of mechanical coal cleaning plants, in: Coal Age OperatingHandbook of Coal Preparation, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, pp. 170–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, R. A., 1975, Desulfurize coal chemically, Hydrocarbon Processing 54(6):93–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, R. A., 1977, Coal Desulfurization, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, R. A., 1979, System optimizes coal desulfurization, Hydrocarbon Processing 58(6):123–126.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, R. A., and Hart, W. D., 1980, Chemical removal of organic sulfur from coal, presented at Symposium on Removal of Heteroatoms from Fuel, Am. Chem. Soc. Meeting, Houston, Texas (March 23–28, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K.J., and Deurbrouck, A. W., 1982, Froth flotation to desulfurize coal, in: Physical Cleaningof Coal: Present and Developing Methods (Y. A. Liu, ed.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 255–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, G. F., 1981, Chemical desulphurization of coal, Report number ICTIS/TR15, IEA Coal Research, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muchmore, C. B., Chen, J. W., and Tempelmeyer, K. E., 1982, Desulfurization of coal by supercritical extraction/reaction, Mineral Matters 4(4):1–2, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukai, S., Araki, Y., Komishi, M., and Otomura, K., 1969, Desulfurization of coal by oxidizing agents. I. Desulfurization by treatment with chlorine gas and hydrogen peroxide, Nenryo Kyokaishi 48(512):905–911.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murr, L. E., Torma, A. E., and Brierley, J. A. (eds.), 1978, Metallurigical Applications of Bacterial Leaching and Related Microbial Phenomena, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H. H., 1977, Magnetic desulfurization of some Illinois basin coals, in: Coal Desulfurization: Chemical and Physical Methods (T. D. Wheelock, ed.), ACS Symposium Series 64, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C., pp. 112–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickeson, F. H., 1978, Modular coal washing plant has built-in versatility, Coal Min. Process. 15(9):94–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberteuffer, J. A., 1976, Engineering development of high gradient magnetic separation, IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-12(5):444–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberteuffer, J. A., and Arvidson, B. R., 1979, General design features of industrial high gradient magnetic filters and separators, in: Industrial Applications of Magnetic Separation (Y. A. Liu, ed.), publication No. 78CH1447–2MAG, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, pp. 17–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oder, R. R., 1976, High gradient magnetic separation theory and applications, IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-12(5):428–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oder, R. R., Kulapaditharom, L., Lee, A. K., and Ekholm, E. L., 1977, Technical and cost comparisons for chemical coal cleaning processes, Min. Congr. J. 63(8):42–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oder, R. R., Datta, R. S., and Pommier, L. W., 1981, Solid coal refining, presented at Second Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications, Gatlinburg, Tennessee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, E. C., Le, H. V., Ho, T. K., and Wheelock, T. D., 1979, Better separation by froth flotation and oil agglomeration, in: Coal Processing Technology, Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs., New York, Vol. 5, pp. 171–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulson, L. E. and Fowkes, W. W., 1968, Changes in ash composition of North Dakota lignite treated by ion exchange, U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 7176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrot, G. St. J., and Kinney, S. P., 1921, The use of oil in cleaning coal, Chem. Metall. Eng. 25(5):182–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, P. J., and DeRienzo, P. P., 1976, Steam coal preparation economics, in: Papers Presented Before the Second Symposium on Coal Preparation, NCA/BCR Coal Conference and Expo III, National Coal Association, Washington, D. C., pp. 50–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pommier, L. W., Oder, R. R., and Datta, R. S., 1981, Separation of coal components to achieve improvements in coal utilization, presented at Second Symposium on Separation Science and Technology for Energy Applications, Gatlinburg, Tennessee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, C. R., 1979, The Magnex Process, presented at Symposium on Coal Preparation and Utilization, Coal Conference and Expo V (October 23–25, 1979), Louisville, Kentucky.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, C. R., and Goens, D. N., 1979, “Magnex” pilot plant evaluation—A dry chemical process for the removal of pyrite and ash from coal, Min. Eng. (N.Y.) 31(2):175–180.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quackenbush, V. C., Maddocks, R. R., and Higginson, G. W., 1979, Chemical comminution: An improved route to clean coal, Coal Min. Process. 16(5):68–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reggel, L., Raymond, R., Wender, I., and Blaustein, B.D., 1972, Preparation of ash-free, pyrite-free coal by mild chemical treatment, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr. 17(1):44–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, S. R., 1981, Personal communication, Advanced Energy Dynamics, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy, N. K., Murtha, M. J., and Burnet, G., 1979, Use of the magnetic fraction of fly ash as a heavy medium material in coal washing, in: Proceedings of the Fifth International Ash Utilization Symposium (February 25–27, 1979), Atlanta, Georgia METC/CP-79/10, Part 1, pp. 140–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santy, M. J., and Van Nice, L. J., 1979, Status of the reactor test project for chemical removal of pyritic sulfur from coal, in: Proceedings: Symposium on Coal Cleaning to Achieve Energy and Environmental Goals (September 1978, Hollywood, Florida), Vol. II (S. E. Rogers and A. W. Lemmon Jr., eds.), EPA-600/7–79-098b, pp. 960–990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sareen, S. S., 1977, Sulfur removal from coals: ammonia/oxygen system, in Coal Desulfurization:Chemical and Physical Methods (T. D. Wheelock, ed.), ACS Symposium Series 64, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C. pp. 173–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sareen, S. S., Giberti, R. A., Irminger, P. F., and Petrovic, L. J., 1975, Use of oxygen water for removal of sulfur from coals, presented at A.I.Ch.E. meeting, Boston, Massachusetts (September 7–10, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sargent, D. H., Woodcock, B. A., Vaili, J. R., and Strauss, J. B., 1980, Effect of physical coal cleaning on sulfur content and variability, EPA-600/7–80-107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneiderman, S. J., 1980, Rotating probability screen, World Coal 6(8):29–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, M. P., Rogoff, M. H., and Wender, I., 1963, Removal of pyritic sulphur from coal by bacterial action, Fuel 42:113–124.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simbeck, D. R., 1981, Economic and technical considerations of coal preparation for synfuel feedstocks, presented at 91st National Meeting of Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs., Detroit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skolnik, E., 1980, Heavy medium cleaning of — 28 mesh coal, Min. Eng. (N.Y.) 32(8):1235–1237.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. D., and Keller, D. V., 1979, Otisca process goes on line, presented at Symposium on Coal Preparation and Utilization, Coal Conference and Expo V (October 23–25, 1979), Louisville, Kentucky.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokaski, M., Greer, M. R., and McMorris, W. L., 1979, Wet concentration of fine coal, Part 1: Dense medium separation, in: Coal Preparation, 4th ed. (J. W. Leonard, ed.), Am. Inst. Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engrs., New York, pp. 10–3–10–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sondreal, E. A., Tufte, P. H., and Beckering, W., 1977, Ash fouling in the combustion of low rank western U.S. coals, Combust. Sci. Technol. 16:95–110.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stambaugh, E. P., 1977a, Hydrothermal coal process, in: Coal Desulfurization: Chemical andPhysical Methods (T. D. Wheelock, ed.), ACS Symposium Series 64, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D. C., pp. 198–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stambaugh, E. P., 1977b, Extracting sulfur and ash, U.S. Patent 4,055,400 (October 25, 1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stambaugh, E. P., 1978, Treating carbonaceous material, U. S. Patent 4,121,910 (October 24, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stambaugh, E. P., 1980, Hydrothermal refining of coal, presented at Second Conference on Air Quality Management in the Electric Power Industry (January 22–25, 1980), Houston, Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stambaugh, E. P., Miller, J. F., Tarn, S. S., Chauhan, S. P., Feldman, H. F., Carlton, H. E., Foster, J. F., Nack, H., and Oxley, J. H., 1975, Hydrothermal process produces clean fuel, Hydrocarbon Processing 54(7):115–116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stambaugh, E. P., Conkle, H. N., Miller, J. F., Mezey, E. J., and Kim, B. C., 1979, Status of hydrothermal processing for chemical desulfurization of coal, in: Proceedings: Symposium on Coal Cleaning to Achieve Energy and Environmental Goals (September 1978, Hollywood, Florida), Vol. II (S. E. Rogers and A. W. Lemmon, Jr., eds.), EPA-600/7–79-098b, pp. 991–1015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, M., Yang, R. T., Horn, T. K., and Berlad, A. L., 1977, Desulfurization of coal with ozone: An attempt, Fuel 56:227–228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stokes, H. N., 1901, On pyrite and marcasite, U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. No. 186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, S.-C., 1954, Hypothesis for different floatabilities of coals, carbons, and hydrocarbon minerals, Min. Eng. (N.Y.) 6(1):67–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, A. R., Bensley, C. N., and Nicol, S. K., 1977, Some fundamental aspects of the selective agglomeration of fine coal, in: Agglomeration 77 (K. V. S. Sastry, ed.), Society of Mining Engineers of AIME, New York, pp. 939–951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tai, C. Y., Graves, G. V., and Wheelock, T. D., 1977, in: Coal Desulfurization: Chemical and Physical Methods (T. D. Wheelock, ed.) ACS Symposium Series 64, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C., pp. 182–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarkington, T. W., Kennedy, F. M., and Patterson, J. G., 1979, Evaluation of physical chemical coal cleaning and flue gas desulfurization, EPA-600/7–79-250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tipton, A. B., 1977, Improved hydrodesulfurization of coal char by acid leach, in: Coal Desulfurization: Chemical and Physical Methods (T. D. Wheelock, ed.), ACS Symposium Series 64, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D. C., pp. 280–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tipton, A. B., 1980, Sulfur removal from coal char using “convert-remove” technology, Presented at annual meeting of Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. (November 16–19, 1980), Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trerice, D. N., and Clifford, K. L, 1981, Coal cleaning test facility research and development at a demonstration scale, Presented at annual meeting of Am. Inst. Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engrs. (February 22–26, 1981), Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trindade, S. C., Howard, J. B., Kolm, H. H., and Powers, G. J., 1974, Magnetic desulfurization of coal, Fuel 53:178–181.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TRW, 1981, Laboratory study for removal of organic sulfur from coal, Final Report to U. S. DOE (July 1, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1967, Methods of Analyzing and Testing Coal and Coke, Bulletin No. 638.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Krevelen, D. W., 1961, Coal, Elsevier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Nice, L. J., Santy, M. J., Koutsoukos, E. P., Orsini, R. A., and Meyers, R. A., 1977, Coal desulfurization test plant status—July 1977, in: Coal Desulfurization: Chemical and Physical Methods (T. D. Wheelock, ed.), ACS Symposium Series 64, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D. C., pp. 153–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vivian, T. D., 1980, Dow Coal Cleaning Process, seminar presented for Chemical Engineering Department, Iowa State Unviersity, Ames, Iowa (April 9, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Volsicky, Z., Puncmanova, J., Hosek, V., and Spacek, F., 1976, Bacteriological leaching-out of finely intergrown sulphur in coal: Method and features, presented at International Coal Preparation Congress, Sidney, Australia, May 23–28, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warzinski, R. P., Ruether, J. A., Friedman, S., and Steffgen, F. W., 1979, Survey of coals treated by oxydesulfurization, in: Proceedings: Symposium on Coal Cleaning to Achieve Energy and Environmental Goals (September 1978, Hollywood, Florida), Vol. II (S. E. Rogers and A. W. Lemmon Jr., eds.) EPA-600/7–79-098b, pp. 1016–1038.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wen, W. W., and Sun, S. C., 1981, An electrokinetic study on the oil flotation of oxidized coal, Separation Sci. Technol. 16(10):1491–1521.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whaley, H., Capes, C. E., Ogle, I. C. G., and Reeve, D. A., 1980, Coal-oil-mixture research and development in Canada, in: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Coal Research (September 1–5, 1980), Düsseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany, Vol. II, pp. 687–700.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheelock, T. D. (ed.), 1977, Coal Desulfurization: Chemical and Physical Methods, ACS Symposium Series 64, Am. Chem. Soc Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheelock, T. D., 1981, Oxydesulfurization of coal in alkaline solutions, Chem. Eng. Commun. 12(1–3):137–160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheelock, T. D., and Markuszewski, R., 1980, Fossil energy annual report, October 1, 1978-September 30, 1979, IS-4714, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheelock, T. D., and Markuszewski, R., 1981, Physical and chemical coal cleaning, in: Chemistry and Physics of Coal Utilization1980, (B. R. Cooper and L. Petrakis, eds.), AIP Conference Proceedings No. 70, American Institute of Physics, New York, pp. 357–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehurst, D. D., 1978, A primer on the chemistry and constitution of coal, in: Organic Chemistry of Coal, (J. W. Larsen, ed.), ACS Symp. Series 71, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C., pp. 1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. G., 1981a, Current status of physical coal cleaning, in: Papers Presented Before the Symposium on Coal Preparation and Utilization, Coal Conference and Expo VI, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, pp. 129–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. G., 1981b, Coal cleaning, in: Coal Handbook (R. A. Meyers, ed.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 209–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, R. T., 1979, Process for producing high-purity coal, U. S. Patent 4,134,737 (January 16, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoon, R. H., and Miller, K. J., 1981, A preliminary investigation on the application of colloidal gas aphrons for fine coal cleaning, presented at 12th annual meeting of the Fine Particle Society (May 1981), Rosemont, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yurovskii, A. Z., 1960, Sulfur in Coal, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow (Translated into English and published for the U.S. Dept. of Interior by the Indian Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarubina, Z. M., Lyalikova, N. N., and Shmuk, Y. I., 1959, Investigations of microbial oxidation of coal pyrite, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Otdel Tekh. Nauk, Metal. i Topl. 1:117–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zavitsanos, P. D., Golden, J. A., Bleiler, K. W., and Kinkead, W. K., 1978, Coal desulfurization using microwave energy, EPA-600/7–78-089.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zavitsanos, P. D., Bleiler, K. W., and Golden, J. A., 1979, Coal desulfurization using alkali metal or alkaline earth compounds and electromagnetic irradiation, U.S. Patent 4,152,120 (May 1, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zavitsanos, P. D., Golden, J. A., Bleiler, K. W., and Jacobs, I. S., 1981, Coal desulfurization by a microwave process, Technical Progress Report, General Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (March 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zavitsanos, P. D., Golden, J. A., and Bleiler, K. W., 1982, Coal desulfurization by a microwave process, Technical Progress Report, General Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (January 1982).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wheelock, T.D., Markuszewski, R. (1984). Coal Preparation and Cleaning. In: Cooper, B.R., Ellingson, W.A. (eds) The Science and Technology of Coal and Coal Utilization. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4580-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4580-0_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4582-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4580-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics