Skip to main content

The Theory of Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence in Relation to Concepts of Cognitive Psychology and Aging in Adulthood

  • Chapter
Aging and Cognitive Processes

Part of the book series: Advances in the Study of Communication and Affect ((ASCA,volume 8))

Abstract

The principal purpose of this chapter is to lay out some of the major results and conclusions of a series of studies conducted by this investigator and his coworkers (principally Donaldson, Engstrom, and Mason) over the last few years. To comprehend these results and conclusions it is necessary to have some appreciation of the theory and assumptions on which the research has been based. These ideas are not major themes in the research and theory of mainstream cognitive developmental psychology. It is probably worthwhile, therefore, to sketch at the outset some features of the research that is to be reviewed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adam, J. Statistical bias in cross-sequential studies of aging. Experimental Aging Research, 1977, 3, 325–333.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbizet, J. Defect of memorizing of hippocampal-manillary origin: A review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1963, 26, 126–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birren, J. E. Age changes in speed of behavior: Its central nature and physiological correlates. In A.T. Welford & J. E. Birren (Eds.), Behavior, aging and the nervous system. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birren, J. E. Psychophysiology and speed of response. American Psychologist, 1974, 29, 808–815.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botwinick, J., & Arenberg, D. Disparate time-spans in sequential studies of aging. Experimental Aging Research, 1976, 2, 55–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botwinick, J. & Storandt, M. Memory, related functions and age. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bousfield, A. K., & Bousfield, W. A. Measurement of clustering and of sequential constancies in repeated free recall. Psychological Reports, 1966, 19, 935–942.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brierly, J. B. Cerebral hypoxia. In W. Blackwood & J. A. N. Corsellis (Eds.), Greenfield’s neuropathology. London: Arnold, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brion, S. Korsakoff’s syndrome. Clinico-anatomical and physiopathological considerations. In G. A. Talland & N. Waugh (Eds.), The pathology of memory. New York: Academic Press, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broadbent, D. E. The well ordered mind. American Educational Research Journal. 1966 3, 281–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broadbent, D. E. & Heron, A. Effects of a subsidiary task of performance involving immediatememory in younger and older men. British Journal of Psychology, 1966, 53, 189–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butters, N., & Cermak, L. Some analyses of amnesic syndromes in brain-damaged patients. The Hippocampus, 1975, 2, 377–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, R. B., & Horn, J. L. A cross-social check on the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence with discovery of new valid subtest designs. Journal of Educational Measurement, 1978, 15, 139–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coceani, F., & Gloor, P. The distribution of the internal carotid circulation in the brain of the Macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Comparative Neurology, 1966, 128, 419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corsellis, J. A. N. Aging and the dementias, In W. Blackwood & J. A. N. Corsellis (Eds.), Greenfield’s neuropathology. London: Arnold, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corsini, R. J. & Fassett K. K. Intelligence and aging. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1953, 83, 249–264.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. Levels of processing: A framework for memory research, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1972, 11, 671–684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawes, R. B. The robust beauty of improper linear models in decision making. American Psychologist, 1979, 34, 571–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denney, N. W., & Lennon, M. L. Classification: A comparison of middle and old age. Developmental Psychology, 1972, 7, 210–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dimond, S. J. Memory. In H. Goodglass (Ed.), Neuropsychology. Boston: Butterworth, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drachman, D. A., & Arbit, J. Memory and the hippocampal complex. II. Is memory a multiple process? Archives of Neurology, 1966, 15, 52–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fozard, J. L. The time for remembering. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980’s. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glanzer, M., & Cunitz, A. R. Two storage mechanisms in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1966, 5, 341–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hachinski, V. Relevance of cerebrovascular changes to mental function. Mechanisms of Aging and Development, 1980, 10, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebb, D. O. The organization of behavior. New York: Wiley, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L. Equations representing combinations of components in scoring psychological variables. Acta Psychologies, 1963,21, 184–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horn J. L. A rational and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 1965, 30, 179–185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L. On the use of random variables in factor analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 1966, 19, 127–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L. On subjectivity in factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1967, 27, 811–820.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L. Integration of concepts of reliability and standard error of measurement. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1971, 31, 57–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horn J. L. Psychometric studies of aging and intelligence. In S. Gershon & A. Raskin (Eds.), Aging: Genesis and treatment of psychologic disorders in the elderly (Vol. 2). New York: Raven, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn J. L. Human abilities: a review of research and theory in the early 1970s. Annual Review of Psychology, 1976, 27, 437–485.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L. Human ability systems. In P. B. Baltes (Ed.), Life-span development and behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L. Some correctable defects in research on intelligence. Intelligence, 1979, 3, 307–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L. Concepts of intellect in relation to learning and adult development. Intelligence, 1980, 4, 285–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. Vehicles, ipsatization and the multiple method measurement of motivation. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 1965, 19, 265–279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L., & Donaldson, G. Faith is not enough: A response to the Baltes-Schaie claim that intelligence will not wane. American Psychologist, 1977, 32, 369–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L., & Donaldson, G. Cognitive development II: Adulthood development of human abilities. In O. G. Brim & J. Kagan (Eds.), Constancy and change in human development: A volume of review essays. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn J. L., Donaldson, G., & Engstrom, R. Apprehension, memory and fluid intelligence decline thrugh the “vital years” of adulthood. Research on Aging, 1981, 3, 33–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L., & Engstrom, R. O. A comparison of Cattell’s screen test and Bartlett’s test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1979, 14, 283–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L., & Knapp, J. R. On the subjective character of the empirical base of Guilford’s structure -of-intellect model. Psychological Bulletin, 1973, 80, 33–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L., & Knapp, J. R. Thirty wrongs do not make a right: A reply to Guilford. Psychological Bulletin, 1974, 81, 502–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L., & McArdle, J. Perspectives on mathematical/statistical model building (MASMOB) in research on aging. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980’s. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L., Wanberg, K. W., & Adams, G. Diagnosis of alcoholism. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 1974,35, 147–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys, L. G. Doing research the hard way: Substituting analysis of variance for a problem in correlational analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1978, 70, 873–876.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyden, H. RNA changes in brain cells during changes in behavior function. In G. B. Ansell & P. B. Bradley (Eds.), Macromolecules and behavior. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahro, L., Korsakoff-like amnesic syndrome in penetrating brain injury: A study of Finnish war veterans. Acta Neurologica Scandinavia (Supplement), 1973, 54, 3–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, H. P. Memory ability: A factor analysis. Psychometric Monographs, 11. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kintsch, W. Learning, memory, and conceptual processes. New York: Wiley, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kintsch, W. The representation of meaning in memory. New York: Wiley, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandler, G. Organization and memory. In K. W. Spence & J. T. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (vol. 1). New York: Academic Press, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massaro, D. W. Experimental psychology and information processing. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mednick, S. A. The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological Review, 1962, 69, 220–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G. A. The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 1956, 63, 81–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murdock, B. B. The immediate retention of unrelated words. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1960, 60, 222–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newcombe, F. Memory for designs task: The performance of ex-servicemen with missile wounds of the brain. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 1965, 4, 230–231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norman, D. A. Research consideration in the assessment of the (impaired) elderly. Conference on Cognition and Aging. Battale Research Center, Seattle, Washington, February 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabbitt, P. M. A., An age-decrement in the ability to ignore irrelevant information. Journal of Gerontology, 1965, 20, 233–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reese, H. W. Imagery and associative memory. In R. V. Kail & J. W. Hagen (Eds.), Perspectives on the development of memory and cognition. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schonfield, D. Theoretical nuances and practical old questions: The psychology of aging. Canadian Psychologist, 1972, 13, 252–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schonfield, D. Translations in gerontology—from lab to life: Utilizing information. American Psychologist, 1974, 29, 796–801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schonfield, D., & Robertson, E. A. Memory storage and aging. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 1960, 20, 228–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scoville, W., & Milner, B. Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1957, 20, 11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharrer, E. Vascularization and vulnerability of the cornu arrmonis in the opposum. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1940, 44, 483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperling, G. The information available in brief visual presentation. Psychological Monographs, 1960, 74, No. 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stankov, L., & Horn J. L. Human abilities revealed through auditory tests. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1980, 72, 21–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stankov, L., Horn, J. L., & Roy, T. On the relationship between Gf/Gc theory and Jensen’s Level 1/Level II Theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1980, 72, 796–809.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. Isolating the components of intelligence. Intelligence, 1978, 2, 117–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, S. High-speed scanning in human memory. Science, 1966, 153, 652–654.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet, W. H., Talland, G. A., & Ervin, F. R. Loss of recent memory following section of fornix. Transactions of the American Neurological Association, 1959, 84, 76–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thurstone, L. L., & Thurstone, T. G. Factorial studies of intelligence Psychometric Monographs, 1941, No. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tulving, E. Subjective organization in free recall of “unrelated” words. Psychological Review, 1962, 69, 344–354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, E. Hippocampus and memory. Lancet, 1969, 2, 1123–1126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wackwitz, J. H., & Horn, J. L. On obtaining the best estimates of factor scores. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1971, 6, 389–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welford, A. T. Aging and human skills. London: Oxford University Press, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wohlwill, J. F. Methodology and research strategy in the study of developmental change. L. R. Goulet & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), In Life-span developmental psychology. New York: Academic Press, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Horn, J.L. (1982). The Theory of Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence in Relation to Concepts of Cognitive Psychology and Aging in Adulthood. In: Craik, F.I.M., Trehub, S. (eds) Aging and Cognitive Processes. Advances in the Study of Communication and Affect, vol 8. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4178-9_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4178-9_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4180-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4178-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics