Skip to main content

Body Composition in Adolescence

  • Chapter
Human Growth

Abstract

Anatomists showed many years ago that some organs grow at rates which differ from that of the body as a whole. In recent decades we have witnessed the development of techniques which permit the assessment of certain features of body composition in the living subject. Humans rank among the fattest of mammals, and it is this fact, among others, which has stimulated the development of methods for estimating the relative proportions of lean and fat in our species. These methods make it possible to define the contribution of each component to the adolescent growth process. Body composition data can also help in estimating certain nutritional requirements for growth. Although long a favorite of nutritionists, the metabolic balance method is not equal to this task (Wallace, 1959; Forbes, 1973), and one can look forward to more realistic estimates based on these newer techniques.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allen, T. H., Anderson, E. C., and Langham, W. H., 1960, Total body potassium and gross body composition in relation to age, J. Gerontol. 15: 348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J., Osbom, S. B., Tomlinson, R. W. S., Newton, D., Rundo, J., Salmon, L., and Smith, J. W., 1964, Neutron-activation analysis in man in vivo: A new technique in medical investigation, Lancet 2: 1201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, J. H., 1976, Oral administration of radioactive sulfate to measure extracellular fluid space in man, J. Appl. Physiol. 40: 648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behnke, A. R., 1945, The absorption and elimination of gases of the body in relation to its fat and water content, Medicine 24: 359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behnke, A. R., and Wilmore, J. H., 1974, Evaluation and Regulation of Body Build and Composition, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behnke, A. R., Feen, B. G., and Welham, W. C., 1942. The specific gravity of healthy men, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 118: 495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bezold, A. von, 1857, Untersuchungen über die Vertheilung von Wasser, organischer Materie und anorganische Verbindungen im Thierreiche, Z. Wiss. Zool. 8: 486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bland, W. H., Cassen, B., and Lederer, M., 1963, Body potassium content in patients with muscular dystrophy, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 110: 282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boddy, K., Hume, R., King, P. C., Weyers, E., and Rowan, T., 1974, Total body plasma and erythrocyte potassium and leucocyte ascorbic acid in “ultra-fit” subjects, Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 46: 449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boddy, K., Lindsay, R., Holloway, I., Smith, D. A. S., Elliott, A., Robertson, I., and Glaros, D., 1976, A study of changes in whole-body calcium, phosphorus, sodium and nitrogen by neutron activation analysis in vivo in rats on a calcium-deficient diet, Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 51: 399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boileau, R. A., Buskirk, E. R., Horstman, D. H., Mendez, J., and Nicholas, W. C., 1971, Body composition changes in obese and lean men during physical conditioning, Med. Sci. Sports 3: 183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnard, G. D., 1968, Cortical thickness and diaphyseal diameter of the metacarpal bones from the age of three months to eleven years, Helv. Paediatr. Acta 30: 445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, R. A. D., Goddard, B. A., and Paton, A., 1966, Measurement of fat thickness in man. A comparison of ultrasound, Harpenden calipers, and electrical conductivity, Br. J. Nutr. 20: 719.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgstedt, A., Forbes, G. B., and Reina, J. C., 1970, Total body potassium and lean body mass in patients with Duchenne dystrophy and their female relations, Neuropädiatrie 1: 447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borisov, B. K., and Marei, A. N., 1974, Weight parameters of adult human skeleton, Health Phys. 27: 224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, M. W. B., 1961, Urea and deuterium-oxide spaces in man, Br. J. Nutr. 15: 177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, B. B., Berger, E. Y., Axelrod, J., Dunning, M. F., Porosowska, Y., and Steele, J. M., 1951, Use of N-acetyl-4-aminoantipyrine (NAAP) in measurement of total body water, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 77: 794.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brook, C. G. D., 1971, Determination of body composition of children from skinfold measurements, Arch. Dis. Child. 46: 182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brook, C. G. D., Huntley, R. M. C., and Slack, J., 1975, Influence of heredity and environment in determination of skinfold thickness in children, Br. Med. J. 2: 719.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brozek, J., 1961, Body composition, Science 134: 920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brozek, J. (ed.), 1965, Human Body Composition: Approaches and Applications, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brozek, J., and Henschel, A. (eds.), 1961, Techniques for Measuring Body Composition, Nat’l Acad. Sci.-Nat’l Res. Council, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brozek, J., Grande, F., Anderson, J. T., and Keys, A., 1963, Densitometric analysis of body composition: Revision of some quantitative assumptions, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 110: 113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burmeister, V. W., and Fromberg, G., 1970, Depotfet, bestimmt nach der Kalium-40 Methode, und seine Beziehung zur Hautfaltendicke, Arch. Kinderh. 180: 228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burmeister, W., and Bingert, A., 1967, Die quantitativen Veränderungen der menschlichen Zellmasse zwischen dem 8 und 90 Lebensjahr, Klin. Wochenschr. 45: 409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buskirk, E. R., 1961, Underwater weighing and body density: A review of procedures, in: Techniques for Measuring Body Composition ( J. Brozek and A. Henschel, eds.), pp. 90–107, National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheek, D. B., 1968, Human Growth, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheek, D. B., and West, C. D., 1955, An appraisal of methods of tissue chloride analysis: The total carcass chloride, exchangeable chloride, potassium and water of the rat, J. Clin. Invest. 34: 1744.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheek, D. B., Schultz, R. B., Pana, A., and Reba, R. C., 1970, Overgrowth of lean and adipose tissues in adolescent obesity, Pediatr. Res. 4: 268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, C., and Rödbro, P., 1975a, Estimation of total body calcium from the bone mineral content of the forearm, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 35: 425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, C., and Rödbro, P., 1975b, Bone mineral content and estimated total body calcium in normal adults, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 35: 433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, C., Rödbro, P., and Nielsen, C. T., 1975, Bone mineral content and estimated total body calcium in normal children and adolescents, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 35: 507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, S. H., and Dombrowski, C. S., 1971, Measurement of total-body calcium, sodium, chlorine, nitrogen and phosphorus in man, J. Nucl. Med. 12: 499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, S. H., and Ellis, K. J., 1975, Predicting radial bone mineral content in normal subjects, Int. J. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2: 53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, S. H., and Fairchild, R. G., 1976, Application of neutron activation analysis in nuclear medicine, in: CRC Handbook of Nuclear Medicine ( R. P. Spencer, ed.), CRC Press, Cleveland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, S. H., Ellis, K. J., Wallach, S., Zanzi, I, Atkins, H. L., and Aloia, J. R., 1974, Absolute and relative deficit in total-skeletal calcium and radial bone mineral in osteoporosis, J. Nucl. Med. 15: 428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collipp, P. J., Curti, V., Thomas, J., Sharma, R. K., Maddaiah, V. T., and Cohn, S. H., 1973, Body composition changes in children receiving human growth hormone, Metabolism 22: 589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comstock, G. W., and Livesay, V. T., 1963, Subcutaneous fat determinations from a community-wide chest X-Ray survey in Muscogee County, Georgia, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 110: 475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crook, G. H., Bennett, C. A., Norwood, W. D., and Mahaffey, J. A., 1966, Evaluation of skinfold measurements and weight chart to measure body fat, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 198: 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cureton, K. J., Boileau, R. A., and Lohman, T. G., 1975, A comparison of densitometric, potassium-40 and skinfold estimates of body composition in prepubescent boys, Hum. Biol. 47: 321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, D. L., and Robertson, J. W. K., 1973, Simultaneous measurement of total exchangeable potassium and sodium using 43K and 24Na, Metabolism 22: 133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delwaide, P. A., and Crenier, E. J., 1973, Body potassium as related to lean body mass measured by total water determination and by anthropometric method, Hum. Biol. 45: 509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Döbeln, W. von, 1956, Human standard and maximal metabolic rate in relation to fat-free body mass, Acta Physiol. Scand. 37 (Suppl): 126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Döbeln, W. von, 1959, Anthropometric determination of fat-free body weight, Acta Med. Scand. 165: 37. Dombrowski, C. S., Wallach, S, Shukla, K. K., and Cohn, S. H., 1973, Determination of whole body magnesium by in vivo neutron activation, Int. J. Nucl. Med. Biol. 1: 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domermuth, W., Veum, T. L., Alexander, M. A., Hedrick, H. B., Clark, J., and Eklund, D., 1976, Prediction of lean body composition of live market weight swine by indirect methods. J. Anim. Sci. 43: 966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumin, J. V. G. A., and Taylor, A., 1960, Replicability of measurements of density of the human body as determined by underwater weighing, J. Appl. Physiol. 15: 142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumin, J. V. G. A., and Womersley, J., 1974, Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: Measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years, Br. J. Nutr. 32: 77.

    Google Scholar 

  • East, B. W., Boddy, K., and Price, W. H., 1976, Total body potassium content in males with X and Y chromosome abnormalities, Clin. Endocrinol. 5: 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, K. D. G., and Whyte, H. M., 1962, The simple measurement of obesity, Clin. Sci. 22: 347. Elkinton, J. R., and Danowski, T. S., 1955, The Body Fluids, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, K. J., and Cohn, S. H., 1975, Correlation between skeletal calcium mass and muscle mass in man, J. Appl. Physiol. 38: 455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, K. J., Shukla, K. K., Cohn, S. H., and Pierson, R. N., Jr., 1974, A predictor for total body potassium in man based on height, weight, sex and age: Application in metabolic disorders, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 83: 716.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, K. J., Vaswani, A., Zanzi, I, and Cohn, S. H., 1976, Total body sodium and chlorine in normal adults, Metabolism 25: 645.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahey, T. D., and Brown, C. H., 1973, The effects of an anabolic steroid on the strength, body composition, and endurance of college males when accompanied by a weight training program, Med. Sci. Sports 5: 272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, M. A., Murthy, Y., Clark, J., Comfort, G., Chase, G., and Bentley, A. E. T., 1970, Body composition of Negro and white children, Arch. Environ. Health 20: 604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, M. A., Woodruff, C., and Chase, G., 1972, Total body potassium in normal children, Pediatr. Res. 6: 239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, G. B., 1962, Methods for determining composition of the human body, Pediatrics 29: 477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, G. B., 1964, Lean body mass and fat in obese children, Pediatrics 34: 308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, G. B., 1972a, Relation of lean body mass to height in children and adolescents, Pediatr. Res. 6: 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, G. B., 1972b, Growth of the lean body mass in man, Growth 36: 325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, G. B., 1973, Another source of error in the metabolic balance method, Nutr. Rev. 31: 297. Forbes, G. B., 1974, Stature and lean body mass, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 27: 595.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, G. B., 1976a, The adult decline in lean body mass, Hum. Biol. 48: 161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, G. B., 1976b, Biological implications of the adolescent growth process: Body composition, in: Nutrient Requirements in Adolescence ( J. I. McKigney and H. N. Munro, eds.), pp. 57–66, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, G. B., and Amirhakimi, G. H., 1970, Skinfold thickness and body fat in children, Hum. Biol. 42: 401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, G. B., and Bruining, G. J., 1976, Urinary creatinine excretion and lean body mass, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29: 1359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, G. B., and Hursh, J. B., 1963, Age and sex trends in lean body mass calculated from K90 measurements: With a note on the theoretical basis for the procedure, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 110: 255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, G. B., and Lewis, A., 1956, Total sodium, potassium, and chloride in adult man, J. Clin. Invest. 35: 596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, G. B., and Perley, A. M., 1951, Estimation of total body sodium by isotopic dilution, J. Clin. Invest. 30: 558, 566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, G. B., Schultz, F., Cafarelli, C., and Amirhakimi, G. H., 1968, Effects of body size on potassium-40 measurement in the whole body counter (tilt-chair technique), Health Phys. 15: 435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foy, J. M., and Schnieden, H., 1960, Estimation of total body water (virtual tritium space) in the rat, cat, rabbit, guinea pig and man, and of the biological half-life of tritium in man, J. Physiol. 154: 169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friis-Hansen, B., 1957, Changes in body water compartments during growth, Acta Paediatr. 110 (Suppl): 46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, M. F., Houseman, R. A., and Cadenhead, A., 1971, The measurement of exchangeable potassium in living pigs and its relation to body composition, Br. J. Nutr. 26: 203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamble, J. L., Jr., Robertson, J. S., Hannigan, C. A., Foster, C. G., and Farr, L. F., 1953, Chloride, bromide, sodium, and sucrose spaces in man, J. Clin. Invest. 32: 483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garn, S. M., 1961, Radiographic analysis of body composition, in: Techniques for Measuring Body Composition ( J. Brozek and A. Henschel, eds.), pp. 36–58, National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garn, S. M., 1970, The Earlier Gain and the Later Loss of Cortical Bone in Nutritional Perspective, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrow, J. S., 1974, Energy Balance and Obesity in Man, American Elsevier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrow, J. S., Fletcher, K., and Halliday, D., 1965, Body composition in severe infantile malnutrition, J. Clin. Invest. 44: 417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey, B. E., and Wadsworth, G. R., 1970, Total body potassium in pregnant women, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 77: 244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, R. F., Haisman, M. F., Bynum, G., Horton, E. S., and Sims, E. A. H., 1975, Experimental obesity in man, in: Obesity in Perspective (G. A. Bray, ed.), pp. 165–186, DHEW Pub. No. (NIH) 75–708, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenway, R. M., Littell, A. S., Houser, H. B., Lindan, O., and Weir, D. R., 1%5, An evaluation of the variability in measurement of some body composition parameters, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 120: 487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groner, O., and Salmen, A., 1961, Vergleichende Körperwasserbestimmungen mit Hilfe von N-Acetyl4-amino Antipyrin und Alkohol, Klin. Wochenschr. 39: 92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gryfe, C. I., Exton-Smith, A. N., Payne, P. R., and Wheeler, E. F., 1971, Pattern of development of bone in childhood and adolescence, Lancet 1: 523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, D., 1971, An attempt to estimate total body fat and protein in malnourished children, Br. J. Nutr. 26: 147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, T. C., Dykes, P. W., Chen, N. S., Ettinger, K. V., Jain, S., James, H., Chettle, D. R., Fremlin, J. H., and Thomas, B. J., 1973, Measurement of whole-body nitrogen by neutron-activation analysis, Lancet 2: 395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, A. B., and Eichelberger, L., 1937, The exchange of salt and water between muscle and blood, J. Biol. Chem. 117: 73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, W. W., 1964, Iron, copper, and cobalt, in: Nutrition: A Comprehensive Treatise ( G. H. Beaton and E. W. McHenry, eds.), Vol. 1, pp. 309–372, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haxhe, J. J., 1963, La Composition Corporelle Normale, Librairie Maloine S.A., Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heald, F. P., Hunt, E. E., Jr., Schwartz, R., Cook, C. D., Elliot, O., and Vajda, B., 1963, Measures of body fat and hydration in adolescent boys, Pediatrics 31: 226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermansen, L., and Döbeln, W. von, 1971, Body fat and skinfold measurements, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 27: 315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hervey, G. R., Hutchinson, I., Knibbs, A. V., Burkinshaw, L., Jones, P. R. M., Norgan, N. G., and Levell, M. J., 1976, “Anabolic” effects of methandienone in men undergoing athletic training, Lancet 2: 699.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huenemann, R L, Hampton, M. C., Behnke, A. R., Shapiro, L. R., and Mitchell, B. W., 1974, Teenage Nutrition and Physique, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hume, R., 1966, Prediction of lean body mass from height and weight, J. Clin. Pathol. 19: 389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hume, R., and Weyers, E., 1971, Relationship between total body water and surface area in normal and obese subjects, J. Clin. Pathol. 24: 234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hytten, F. E., and Leitch, I., 1971, The Physiology of Human Pregnancy, 2nd ed., Blackwell, Oxford. Hytten, F. E., Taylor, K., and Taggart, N., 1966, Measurement of total body fat in man by absorption of 85Kr, Clin. Sci. 31: 111.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Atomic Energy Agency, 1970, Directory of Whole Body Radioactivity Monitors, Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isherwood, I., Rutherford, R. A., Pullan, B. R., and Adams, P. H., 1976, Bone-mineral estimation by computer-assisted transverse axial tomography, Lancet 2: 712.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasani, B M, and Edmonds, C. J., 1971, Kinetics of potassium distribution in man using isotope dilution and whole-body counting, Metabolism 20: 1099.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johny, K. V., Worthey, B. W., Lawrence, J. R., and O’Halloran, M. W., 1970, A whole body counter for serial studies of total body potassium, Clin. Sci. 39: 319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katch, F. I., and Michael, E. D., Jr., 1968, Prediction of body density from skinfold and girth measurements of college females, J. Appl. Physiol. 25: 92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, L., and Wilson, C. J., 1973, Determination of extracellular fluid volume by fluorescent excitation analysis of bromine, J. Nucl. Med. 14: 812.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khosla, T., 1968, Unfairness of certain events in the Olympic Games, Br. Med. J. 4: 111.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, J. C., Calloway, D. H., and Morgen, S., 1973, Nitrogen retention, total body 40K and weight gain in teenage pregnant girls, J. Nutr. 103: 772.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjellberg, J., and Reizenstein, P., 1970, Body composition in obesity, Acta Med. Scand. 188: 161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knittle, J. L., 1976, Discussion, in: Nutrient Requirements in Adolescence ( J. I. McKigney and H. N. Munro, eds.), pp. 76–83, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreisberg, R. A., Bowdoin, B., and Meador, C. K., 1970, Measurement of muscle mass in humans by isotopic dilution of creatine-14C, J. Appl. Physiol. 28: 264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesser, G. T., Perl, W., and Steele, J. M., 1960, Determination of total body fat by absorption of an inert gas: measurements and results in normal human subjects, J. Clin. Invest. 39: 1791.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesser, G. T., Deutsch, S., and Markofsky, J., 1971, Use of independent measurement of body fat to evaluate overweight and underweight, Metabolism 20: 792.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linquette, M., Fossati, P., Lefebvre, J., and Checkau, C., 1969, The measurement of total water, exchangeable sodium and potassium in obese persons, in: Pathophysiology of Adipose Tissue ( J. Vague, ed.), pp. 302–316, Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Ljunggren, H., Ikkos, D., and Luft, R., 1957, Studies on body composition, Acta Endocrinol. 25: 187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lohman, T. G., Boileau, R. A., and Massey, B. H., 1975, Prediction of lean body mass in young boys from skinfold thickness and body weight, Hum. Biol. 47: 245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, C. L., Haverberg, L. N., Young, V. R., Kinney, J. M., Munro, H. N., and Geiger, J. W., 1975, Metabolism of 3-methyl histidine in man, Metabolism 24: 929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lye, M., May, T., Hammick, J., and Ackery, D., 1976, Whole body and exchangeable potassium measurements in normal elderly subjects, Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1: 167.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacGillivray, I., and Buchanan, T. J., 1958, Total exchangeable sodium and potassium in non-pregnant women and in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy, Lancet 2: 1090.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnus-Levy, A., 1906, Physiologie des Stoffwechsels, in: Handbuch der Pathologie des Stoffwechsels ( C. von Noorden, ed.), p. 446, Hirschwald, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manna, R. M., 1969, Quantification of fat, muscle, and bone in man, Clin. Orthop. 65: 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manery, J. F., and Haege, L. F., 1941, The extent to which radioactive chloride penetrates tissues, and its significance, Am. J. Physiol. 134: 83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manzke, E., Chestnut, C. H., III, Wergedal, J. E., Baylink, D. J., and Nelp, W. B., 1975, Relationship between local and total bone mass, Metabolism 24: 605.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maresh, M. M., 1966, Changes in tissue widths during growth, Am. J. Dis. Child. 111: 142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazess, R. B., and Cameron, J. R., 1972, Growth of bone in school children: Comparison of radiographic morphometry and photon absorptiometry, Growth 36: 77.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCance, R. A., and Widdowson, E. M., 1951, A method of breaking down the body weights of living persons into terms of extracellular fluid, cell mass and fat, and some applications of it to physiology and medicine, Proc. R. Soc. Ser. B 138: 115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meneely, G. R., Heyssel, R. M., Ball, C. O. T., Weiland, R. L., Lorimer, A. R., Constantinides, C., and Meneely, E. U., 1963, Analysis of factors affecting body composition determined from potassium content in 915 normal subjects, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 110: 271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mettau, J. W., Degenhart, H. J., Visser, H. K. A., and Holland, W. P. S., 1977, Measurement of total body fat in newborns and infants by absorption and desorption of nonradioactive xenon, Pediatr. Res. 11: 1097.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michael, E. D., Jr., and Katch, F. I., 1968, Prediction of body density from skinfold and girth measurements of 17-year-old boys, J. Appl. Physiol. 25: 747.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moody, D. L., Wihnore, J. H., Girandola, R. N., and Royce, J. P., 1972, The effects of a jogging program on the body composition of normal and obese high school girls, Med. Sci. Sports 4: 210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, F. D., Olesen, K. H., McMurray, J. D., Parker, H. V., Ball, M. R., and Boyden, C. M., 1963, The Body Cell Mass and Its Supporting Environment, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, F. D., Lister, J., Boyden, C. M., Ball, M. R., Sullivan, N., and Dagher, F. J., 1968, The skeleton as a feature of body composition: values predicted by isotope dilution and observed by cadaver dissection in an adult female, Hum. Biol. 40: 135.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Academy of Sciences, 1968, Body Composition in Animals and Man, Pub. 1598, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Health Statistics, 1974, Skinfold thickness of youths 12–17 years, United States

    Google Scholar 

  • DHEW Pub. No. (HRA) 74–614, Series 11, #132, Rockville, Maryland. Nelp, W. B., Palmer, H. E., Murano, R., Pailthorp, K., Hinn, G. M., Rich, C., Williams, J L, Rudd, T. G., and Denney, J. D., 1970, Measurement of total body calcium (bone mass) in vivo with the use of total body neutron activation, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 76: 151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, B. L., Hazlewood, C. F., and Barnes, D. J., 1968, Percutaneous needle biopsy of quadriceps muscle: Potassium analysis in normal children, J. Pediatr. 72: 840.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, A. H., Lundy, T., and Shock, N. W., 1963, Trends in selected indices of body composition in men between the ages 30 and 80 years, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 110: 623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novak, L. P., 1966a, Total body water and solids in six-to seven-year-old children: Differences between the sexes, Pediatrics 38: 483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novak, L. P., 1966b, Physical activity and body composition of adolescent boys, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 197: 891.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novak, L. P., 1970, Comparative study of body composition of American and Filipino women, Hum. Biol. 42: 206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novak, L. P., Tauxe, W. N., and Orvis, A. L., 1973, Estimation of total body potassium in normal adolescents by whole body counting: age and sex differences, Med. Sci. Sports 5: 147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberhausen, E., Burmeister, W., and Huycke, E. J., 1965, Das Wachstrum des Kaliumbestandes im Menschen gemessen mit dem Ganzkörperzähler, Ann. Paediatr. 205: 381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, G. M., Jensen, R. L., and Fomon, S. J., 1962, Sex-related difference in total body water and exchangeable chloride during infancy, J. Pediatr. 60: 858.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pace, N., and Rathbun, E. N., 1945, Studies on body composition, J. Biol. Chem. 158: 685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parizkova, J., 1961a, Total body fat and skinfold thickness in children, Metabolism 10: 794.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parizkova, J., 1961b, Age trends in fat in normal and obese children, J. Appl. Physiol. 16: 173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parizkova, J., 1963, Impact of age, diet, and exercise on man’s body composition, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 110: 661.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parizkova, J., 1976, Growth and growth velocity of lean body mass and fat in adolescent boys, Pediatr. Res. 10: 647.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parizkova, J., Vanéckova, M., and Vamberova, M., 1962, A study of changes in some functional indicators following reduction of excessive fat in obese children, Physiol. Bohemoslov. 11: 351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parizkova, J., Vanéckovâ, M., prynarova, S., and Vamberovâ, M., 1971, Body composition and fitness in obese children before and after special treatment, Acta Paediatr. Scand. Suppl. 217: 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, A. M., Purchas, R. W., and Reineke, E. P., 1968, Theory and potential usefulness of body density as a predictor of body composition, in: Body Composition in Animals and Man (J. T. Reid, ed.), pp. 153–185, National Academy of Science, Pub. #1598, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer, L., 1887, Über den Fettgehalt des Körpers, Z. Biol. 23: 340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Picou, D., Reeds, P. J., Jackson, A., and Poulter, N., 1976, The measurement of muscle mass in children using [’SN]creatine, Pediatr. Res. 10: 184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierson, R. N., Jr., Lin, D. H. Y., and Phillips, R. A., 1974, Total-body potassium in health: Effects of age, sex, height, and fat, Am. J. Physiol. 226: 206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitts, G. C., and Bullard, T. R., 1968, Some interspecific aspects of body composition in mammals, in: Body Composition in Animals and Man, pp. 45–70, National Academy of Science, Pub. #1598, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollock, M. L., Hickman, T., Kendrick, A., Jackson, A., Linnerud, A., and Dawson, G., 1976, Prediction of body density in young and middle-aged men, J. Appl. Physiol. 40: 300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, W. F., Hazelrig, J. B., Kreisberg, R. A., and Meador, C. K., 1969, Reproducibility of body composition measurements in a single individual, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 74: 557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudd, T. G., Pailthorp, K. G., and Nelp, W. B., 1972, Measurement of non-exchangeable sodium in normal man, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 80: 442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rundo, J., and Sagild, U., 1955, Total and “exchangeable” potassium in humans, Nature 175: 774.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, W., 1970, Über Methoden und Ergebnisse quantitativer Mineralsalz-bestimmungen am kindlichen Skelett, Arch. Kinderh. 180: 256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seitchik, J., 1967, Total body water and total body density of pregnant women, Obstet. Gynecol. 29: 155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, P., 1908, The excretion of kreatinin and kreatin in health and disease, Am. J. Physiol. 23: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shephard, R. J., Hatcher, J., and Rode, A., 1973, On the body composition of the Eskimo, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 32: 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shukla, K. K., Ellis, K. J., Dombrowski, C. S., and Cohn, S. H., 1973, Physiological variation of total-body potassium in man, Am. J. Physiol. 224: 271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siri, W. E., 1961, Body composition from fluid spaces and density: Analysis of methods, in: Techniques for Measuring Body Composition ( J. Brozek and A. Henschel, eds.), pp. 223–244, National Academy of Science, Washington, D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloan, A. W., 1967, Estimation of body fat in young men, J. Appl. Physiol. 23: 311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. M., Nance, W. E., Kang, K. W., Christian, J. C., and Johnston, C. C., Jr., 1973, Genetic factors in determining bone mass, J. Clin. Invest. 52: 2800.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprynarovd, S., and Parizkovâ, J., 1965, Changes in the aerobic capacity and body composition in obese boys after reduction, J. Appl. Physiol. 20: 934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinkamp, R., Cohen, N. L., Gaffey, W. R., McKey, T., Bron, G., Siri, W. E., Sargent, T. W., and Isaacs, E., 1965, Measures of body fat and related factors in normal adults—II: A simple clinical method to estimate body fat and lean body mass, J. Chron. Dis. 18: 1291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stouffer, J. R., 1%3, Relationship of ultrasonic measurements and X-rays to body composition, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 110: 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuart, H. C., Hill, P., and Shaw, C., 1940, The growth of bone, muscle and overlying tissue as revealed by studies of roentgenograms of the leg area, Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. V: (No. 3, serial No. 26) 1–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Surveyor, I., and Hughes, D., 1968, Discrepancies between whole-body potassium content and exchangeable potassium, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 71: 464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talso, P. J., Miller, C. E., Carballo, A. J., and Vasquez, I., 1960, Exchangeable potassium as a parameter of body composition, Metabolism 9: 456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, J. M., 1962, Growth at Adolescence, 2nd ed., Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, J. M., 1974, Sequence and tempo in the somatic changes in puberty, in: Control of the Onset of Puberty ( M. M. Grumbach, G. D. Grave, and F. E. Mayer, eds.), pp. 448–470, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, J. M., and Whitehouse, R. H., 1967, The effect of human growth hormone on subcutaneous fat thickness in hyposomatotrophic and panhypopituitary dwarfs, J. Endocrinol. 39: 263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, J. M., and Whitehouse, R. H., 1975, Revised standards for triceps and subscapular skinfolds in British children, Arch. Dis. Child. 50: 142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tisavipat, A., Vibulsreth, S., Sheng, H.-P., and Huggins, R. A., 1974, Total body water measured by desiccation and by tritiated water in adult rats, J. Appl. Physiol. 37: 699.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trotter, M., and Hixon, B. B., 1974, Sequential changes in weight, density, and percentage ash weight of human skeletons from an early fetal period through old age, Anat. Rec. 179: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyson, I., Genna, S., Jones, R. L., Bikerman, V., and Burrows, B. A., 1970, Body potassium measurements with a total-body counter, J. Nucl. Med. 11: 255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, W. M., 1959, Nitrogen content of the body and its relation to retention and loss of nitrogen, Fed. Proc. 18: 1125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, G. M., Krzywicki, H. J., Rahman, D. P., Quaas, R. L., Nelson, R. A., and Consolazio, C. F., 1975, Relationship of anthropometric measurements to body fat as determined by densitometry, potassium-40, and body water, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 28: 162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, P., 1973, The effect of an anabolic steroid on strength and lean body mass, Med. Sci. Sports 5: 277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wedgewood, R. J., 1963, Inconstancy of the lean body mass, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 110: 141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whipple, H. E., and Brozek, J. (eds.), 1963, Body composition, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 110: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widdowson, E. M., McCance, R. A., and Spray, C. M., 1951, The chemical composition of the human body, Clin. Sci. 10: 113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilmore, J. H., and Behnke, A. R., 1970, An anthropometric estimation of body density and lean body weight in young women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 23: 267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilmore, J. H., Girandola, R. N., and Moody, D. L., 1970, Validity of skinfold and girth assessment for predicting alterations in body composition, J. Appl. Physiol. 29: 313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Womersley, J., Durnin, J. V. G. A., Boddy, K., and Mahaffy, M., 1976, Influence of muscular development, obesity, and age on the fat-free mass of adults, J. Appl. Physiol. 41: 223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, C., Sipin, S. S., and Roe, D. A., 1968, Body composition of pre-adolescent and adolescent girls, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 53: 25, 357, 469, 579.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Forbes, G.B. (1978). Body Composition in Adolescence. In: Falkner, F., Tanner, J.M. (eds) Human Growth. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2622-9_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2622-9_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2624-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2622-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics