Abstract
The pharmacological and toxicological properties of such agents as muscarine, pilocarpine, physostigmine, arecoline, atropine, scopolamine, and nicotine were known for a long time before the substances were identified and the properties of cholinergic mechanisms assessed by modern physiological and biochemical methods (Holmstedt, 1975). In particular, the bizarre mixture of “stimulant” and “depressant” effects caused by the consumption of antimuscarinic-containing plants, such as Atropa belladonna (the deadly nightshade) or Datura stramonium (Jameston or Jimson weed, stinkweed, thorn-apple, devil’s apple, yerba del diablo), have stimulated the imagination of people in widely different cultures. This is reflected in the lore of older pharmacological and toxicological treatises, as shown by the following description of the effects of the consumption of belladonna berries (the description applies to a group of soldiers who ate the poisonous material in order to refresh themselves at the end of a tiring day):
Some of them died on the spot, others were severely poisoned; most of them became cheerful and playful; they pushed and pinched each other; some looked idiotic. Visual hallucinations were observed: one of the soldiers, mistaking his own finger for his pipe, made efforts to light it with a burning piece of wood, without showing any symptom of pain; when somebody pushed back his arm, with a stupid look and a naive smile he rubbed the brand on his trousers made of white cloth, which took fire. A sergeant mistook a carriage for a cellar or a bread store, and pretended to distribute victuals to the troops; but he was alone. Other soldiers knelt down and tried hard to collect blades of grass and twigs which they put together in bundles. They said this was their fatigue duty, and started crying when they were obliged to leave it, since they feared punishment by the corporal.*
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Bignami, G., Michałek, H. (1978). Cholinergic Mechanisms and Aversively Motivated Behaviors. In: Anisman, H., Bignami, G. (eds) Psychopharmacology of Aversively Motivated Behavior. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2394-5_4
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