Abstract
Disordered perceptual processes in autistic children have been noted by many clinicians who have studied this developmental syndrome. The disturbances of perception in autistic children involve a distortion of the normal hierarchy of receptor preferences (Goldfarb, 1956), an impaired ability to use sensory input to make discriminations in the absence of feedback from motor responses (Hermelin and O’Connor, 1970), and a faulty modulation of sensory input (Ornitz and Ritvo, 1968a; Bender, 1947; Goldfarb, 1961; Ornitz, 1969; Bergman and Escalona, 1949; Anthony, 1958; Stroh and Buick, 1964).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anthony, J. An experimental approach to the psychopathology of childhood autism. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 1958, 31, 211–225.
Aug, R. G., and Abies, B. S. A clinician’s guide to childhood psychosis. Pediatrics, 1971, 47, 327–338.
Baker, R., Precht, W., and Llinás, R. Mossy and climbing fiber projections of extraocular muscle afferents to the cerebellum. Brain Research, 1972, 38, 440–445.
Bender, L. Childhood schizophrenia: Clinical study of one hundred schizophrenic children. American Journal of Or thopsychiatry, 1947, 17, 40–56.
Bender, L. Schizophrenia in childhood-its recognition, description and treatment. American Journal of Or thopsychiatry, 1956, 26, 499–506.
Bender, L., and Freedman, A. M. A study of the first three years in the maturation of schizophrenic children. Quarterly Journal of Child Behavior, 1952, 4, 245–272.
Bergman, P., and Escalona, S. K. Unusual sensitivities in very young children. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1949, 3–4, 333–353.
Bizzi, E. Changes in the orthodromic and antidromic response of optic tract during the eye movements of sleep. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1966, 29, 861–870 (a).
Bizzi, E. Discharge patterns of single geniculate neurons during the rapid eye movements of sleep. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1966, 29, 1087–1095 (b).
Colbert, E., and Koegler, R. Toe walking in childhood schizophrenia. Journal of Pediatrics, 1958, 53, 219–220.
Colbert, E. G., Koegler, R. R., and Markham, C. H. Vestibular dysfunction in childhood schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1959, 1, 600–617.
Coleman, R. W., and Provence, S. Environmental retardation (hospitalism) in infants living in families. Pediatrics, 1957, 19, 285–292.
Collins, W. E. Vestibular responses from figure skaters. Aerospace Medicine, 1966, 37, 1098–1104.
Collins, W. E. Special effects of brief periods of visual fixation on nystagmus and sensations of turning. Aerospace Medicine, 1968, 39, 257–266.
Cook, W. S., Jr., Cangiano, A., and Pompeiano, O. Vestibular influences on primary afferents in the spinal cord. Pflugers Archiv., 1968, 299, 334–338.
Costin, A., and Hafemann, D. R. Relationship between oculomotor nucleus and lateral geniculate body monophasic waves. Experientia, 1970, 26, 972.
Creak, M., and Pampiglione, G. Clinical and EEG studies on a group of 35 psychotic children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1969, 11, 218–227.
Dichgans, J., Schmidt, C. L., and Wist, E. R. Frequency modulation of afferent and efferent unit activity in the vestibular nerve by oculomotor impulses. Progress in Brain Research, 1972, 37, 449–456.
Diete-Spiff, K., Carli, G., and Pompeiano, O. Comparison of the effects of stimulation of the VIIth cranial nerve, and vestibular nuclei or the reticular formation on the gastrocenemius muscle and its spindles. Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 1967, 105, 243–272.
Dijkgraaf, S. The physiological significance of the so-called proprioceptors. Acta Physiologica et Pharmacologica Neerlandica, 1955, 4, 123–126.
Dix, M. R., and Hood, J. D. Observations upon the nervous mechanism of vestibular habituation. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 1969, 67, 310–318.
Eldred, E. Posture and locomotion. In H. W. Magoun (Ed.), Handbook of physiology (Vol. 2). Neurophysiology. Washington, D.C.: American Physiological Society, 1960.
Frith, U., and Hermelin, B. The role of visual and motor cues for normal, subnormal, and autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1969, 10, 153–163.
Gardner, E. D., and Morin, F. Spinal pathways for projection of cutaneous and muscular afferents to the sensory and motor cortex of the monkey. American Journal of Physiology, 1953, 174, 149–152.
Goldfarb, W. Receptor p References in schizophrenic children. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1956, 76, 643–652.
Goldfarb, W. Childhood schizophrenia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1961.
Goldfarb, W. Self-awareness in schizophrenic children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1963, 8, 47–60.
Green, A. H. Self-mutilation in schizophrenic children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1967, 17, 234–244.
Hermelin, B., and O’Connor, N. Measures of the occipital alpha rhythm in normal, subnormal and autistic children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1968, 114, 603–610.
Hermelin, B., and O’Connor, N. Psychological experiments with autistic children. Elmsford, New York: Pergamon Press, 1970.
Hutt, C., Hutt, S. J., Lee, D., and Ounsted, C. A behavioral and electroencephalographic study of autistic children. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1965, 3, 181–197.
Kolvin, I., Ounsted, C., Humphrey, M., McNay, A., Richardson, L. M., Garside, R. F., Kidd, J. S. H., and Roth, M. Six studies in the childhood psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1911, 118, 381–419.
Kornhuber, H. H., and da Fonseca, J. S. Optovestibular integration in the cat’s cortex: A study of sensory convergence on cortical neurons. In M. B. Bender (Ed.), The oculomotor system. New York: Harper & Row, 1964.
Lenzi, G. L., Pompeiano, O., and Satoh, T. Input-output relation of the vestibular system during sleep and wakfulness. Pfluegers Archiv., 1968, 299, 326–333.
Llinás, R., and Precht, W. Vestibulocerebellar input: Physiology. Progress in Brain Research, 1972, 37, 341–359.
Lovaas, O. I., and Schreibman, L. Stimulus overselectivity of autistic children in a two stimulus situation. Behavior Research and Therapy, 1971, 9, 305–310.
Lovaas, O. I., Schreibman, L., Koegel, R., and Rehm, R. Selective responding by autistic children to multiple sensory input. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1971, 77, 211–222.
Marchiafava, P. L., and Pompeiano, O. Enhanced excitability of intrageniculate optic tract endings produced by vestibular volleys. Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 1966, 104, 459–479.
Markham, C. H. Descending control of the vestibular nuclei: Physiology. Progress in Brain Research, 1972, 37, 589–600.
Markham, C. H., Precht, W., and Shimazu, H. Effect of stimulation in interstitial nucleus of Cajal on vestibular unit activity in the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1966, 29, 493–507.
Megirian, D., and Manning, J. W. Input-output relations of the vestibular system. Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 1967, 105, 15–30.
Morrison, A. R., and Pompeiano, O. Vestibular influences during sleep. IV. Functional relations between vestibular nuclei and lateral geniculate nucleus during desynchronized sleep. Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 1966, 104, 425–458.
O’Connor, N. Visual perception in autistic children. In M. Rutter (Ed.), Infantile autism: Concepts, characteristics and treatment. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1971.
Ornitz, E. M. Disorders of perception common to early infantile autism and schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 1969, 10, 259–274.
Ornitz, E. M. Vestibular dysfunction in schizophrenia and childhood autism. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 1970, 11, 159–173.
Ornitz, E. M. Childhood autism: A disorder of sensorimotor integration. In M. Rutter (Ed.), Infantile autism: Concepts, characteristics and treatment. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1971.
Ornitz, E. M. Development of sleep patterns in autistic children. In C. D. Clemente, D. Purpura, and F. Mayer (Eds.), Sleep and the maturing nervous system. New York: Academic Press, 1972.
Ornitz, E. M. Childhood autism: A review of the clinical and experimental literature. California Medicine, 1973, 118, 21–47.
Ornitz, E. M., Brown, M. B., Mason, A., and Putnam, N. H. The effect of visual input on postrotatory nystagmus in normal children. Acta Oto-Laryngologica (Stockholm), 1974, 77, 418–425. (a).
Ornitz, E. M., Brown, M. B., Mason, A., and Putnam, N. H. The effect of visual input on vestibular nystagmus in autistic children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1974, 31, 369–375. (b).
Ornitz, E. M., Brown, M. B., Sorosky, A. D., Ritvo, E. R., and Dietrich, L. Environmental modification of autistic behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1970, 22, 560–565.
Ornitz, E. M., Forsythe, A. B., and de la Peña, A. The effect of vestibular and auditory stimulation on the rapid eye movements of REM sleep in normal children. Electro-encephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 1913, 34, 379–390. (a).
Ornitz, E. M., Forsythe, A. B., and de la Peña, A. The effect of vestibular and auditory stimulation on the REMs of REM sleep in autistic children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1973, 29, 786–791. (b).
Ornitz, E. M., and Ritvo, E. R. Perceptual inconstancy in early infantile autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1968, 18, 76–98. (a).
Ornitz, E. M., and Ritvo, E. R. Neurophysiologic mechanisms underlying perceptual inconstancy in autistic and schizophrenic children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1968, 19, 22–27. (b).
Ottinger, D. R., Sweeny, N., and Lowe, L. H. Visual discrimination learning in schizophrenic and normal children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1965, 21, 251–253.
Papaioannou, J. N. Changes in the light-evoked discharges from lateral geniculate nucleus neurones in the cat, induced by caloric labyrinthine stimulation. Experimental Brain Research, 1973, 17, 10–17.
Pollack, M., and Krieger, H. P. Oculomotor and postural patterns in schizophrenic children. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1958, 79, 720–726.
Pompeiano, O. Reticular control of the vestibular nuclei: Physiology and pharmacology. Progress in Brain Research, 1972, 37, 601–618.
Provence, S., and Lipton, R. C. Infants in institutions. New York: Inter-University Press, 1962.
Ritvo, E. R., Ornitz, E. M., Eviatar, A., Markham, C. H., Brown, M. B., and Mason, A. Decreased post-rotatory nystagmus in early infantile autism. Neurology, 1969, 19, 653–658.
Ritvo, E. R., Ornitz, E. M., and LaFranchi, S. Frequency of repetitive behaviors in early infantile autism and its variants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1968, 19, 341–347.
Ritvo, S., and Provence, S. Form perception and imitation in some autistic children: Diagnostic findings and their contextual interpertation. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1953, 8, 155–161.
Sala, O. The efferent vestibular system. Electrophysiological research. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 1965 (Suppl. 197), pp. 1-34.
Scheibel, A., Markham, C., and Koegler, R. Neural correlates of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Neurology, 1961, 11, 1055–1065.
Schilder, P. The vestibular apparatus in neurosis and psychosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1933, 78, 1-23, 137–164.
Schopler, E. Early infantile autism and receptor processes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1965, 13, 327–335.
Schopler, E. Visual versus tactile receptor p References in normal and schizophrenic children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1966, 71, 108–114.
Sorosky, A. D., Ornitz, E. M., Brown, M. B., and Ritvo, E. R. Systematic observations of autistic behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1968, 18, 439–449.
Spiegel, E. A., and Scala, N. P. Changes of labyrinthine excitability in lesions of optic tract or external geniculate body. Archives of Ophthalmology, 1945, 34, 408–410.
Spiegel, E. A., and Scala, N. P. Effects of quadrigeminal lesions upon labyrinthine nystagmus. Confinia Neurologica, 1946, 7, 68–76.
Stroh, G., and Buick, D. Perceptual development of childhood psychosis. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 1964, 34, 291–299.
Tjernström, O. Nystagmus inhibition as an effect of eye-closure. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 1973, 75, 408–418.
von Holst, E. Relations between the central nervous system and the peripheral organs. Animal Behaviour, 1954, 2, 89–94.
Wendt, G. R. Vestibular functions. In S. S. Stevens (Ed.), Handbook of experimental psychology. New York: Wiley, 1951.
Wolfe, J. W. Mesodiencephalic and cerebellar influences on optokinetic and vestibular nystagmus. Experimental Neurology, 1969, 25, 24–34.
Wycis, H. T., and Spiegel, E. A. Effect of cortical lesions and elimination of retinal impulses on labyrinthine nystagmus. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 1953, 57, 1–11.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1976 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ornitz, E.M. (1976). The Modulation of Sensory Input and Motor Output in Autistic Children. In: Schopler, E., Reichler, R.J. (eds) Psychopathology and Child Development. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2187-3_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2187-3_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2189-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2187-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive