Abstract
It has been said that Europe is almost as complicated physically as it is politically. Although the European continent is the smallest principal division of the land surface of the globe distinguished by this term, the area still amounts to more than 10 million km2. Situated between 71 °N (Norway) and 36°N (Spain) and from 9°W (Portugal) to 66°E (Ural), deeply penetrated by the sea and with several great mountain ranges, the consequence is an outstanding variation in physical features and climatic contrasts. The hydrographic relations are correspondingly varied. The openness of Europe to oceanic influences and the topography give the landscape a multiplicity of rivers and lakes. But there are also great areas with small amounts of annual rainfall and with surface waters of sparse occurrence. Generalizations are misleading, but it is not wrong to state that almost all types of aquatic biotopes are represented, giving support to the most varied types of algal communities.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature Cited
Allee, W. C., et al. 1949. Principles of animal ecology. London.
Allen, E. J., and Nelson, E. W. 1910. On the artificial culture of marine plankton organisms. J. Mar. Biol Assoc., Vol. 8.
Ambühl, H. 1960. Die Nährstoffzufuhr zum Hallwilersee. Schweiz. Z. f. Hydro- lope, Vol. 22, Fasc. 2.
Atkins, W. R. G. 1923. The phosphate content of fresh and salt waters in its relationship to the growth of algal plankton. J. Mar. Biol Assoc., Vol. 13.
Baker, M. N. 1949. The quest for pure water. New York.
Beijerinck, M. W. 1894. Notiz über den Nachweis von Protozoen und Sperillen in Trinkwasser. Centralbl f. Bakt. 15:10.
Bringmann, G., and Kühn, R. 1956. Der Algen-Titer als Mass-stab der Eutrophie- rung von Wasser und Schlamm. Gesundheits-Ingenieur, 77(23/24).
Certes, A. 1883. Analyse microscopique des eaux. Paris.
Chalupa, J., and Stöpänek, M. 1960. Limnological study of the reservoir Sedlice near Zeliv. XIII Permanganate, C.O.D. and plankton. Scientific paper from Inst, of Chem. Tech., Faculty of Technology of Fuel and Water 4(2). Prague.
Chancellor, A. P. 1958. The control of aquatic weeds and algae. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
Chevalier, W. S. 1953. London’s water supply. 1903–1953. A review of the work of the Metropolitan Water Board. London.
Cohn, F. 1853. Über lebendige Organismen im Trinkwasser. Z. f. klin. Med. v. Dr. Gmsberg. Vol. IV.
Dobell, C. 1960. Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his "Little Animals." New York.
Forel, F. A. 1895. Le Ldman, Monographie Limnologique. Tome Second. Lausanne.
Hammerton, D. 1959. A biological and chemical study of Chew Valley Lake. Proceedings of the Society for Water Treatment and Examination. Vol. 8, Part 2.
Harz, C. O. 1876. Mikroskopische Untersuchungen des Brunnenwassers für hygienische Zwecke. Z. f. Biol 12:75.
Hassall, A. H. 1850. A microscopic examination of the water supplied to the inhabitants of London and the suburban districts. London.
Hauge, H. V. 1957. Vangsvatn and some other lakes near Voss. A limnological survey in Western Norway. Folia Limnol Scand., No.. 9.
Heifer, H. 1916. Geschichte der biologischen Analyse des Wassers. Arch. f. Hydrol. und Planktonkunde, Vol. 11.
Hobbs, A. T. 1954. Manual of British water supply practice. Cambridge.
Hughes, E. O., Gorham, P. R., and Zehnder, A. 1958. Toxicity of aunialgal culture of Microcystis aeruginosa. Canad. J. Microbiol 4.
Hörler, A. 1950. Was erwartet der Abwasseringenieur von der hydrobiologisch- limnologischen Forschung? Schweiz. Z. f. Hydrol, Vol. 12, Fase. 2.
Ives, K. J. 1957. Algae and water supplies. Water and Wat er Engineering.
Jaag, O. 1952. Die Notwendigkeit des Gewässerschutzes und unser Ziel der Abwasserreinigung in der Schweiz. Schweizer Baublatt, No. 38.
Jaag, O. 1956. The pollution of surface and ground water in Switzerland. Fourth European Seminar for Sanitary Engineers. Geneva.
Järnefelt, H. 1956. Zur Limnologie einiger Gewässer Finnlands. XVI. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Planktons. Ann. Zool Soc. Bot. Fenn. "Vanamo," 17(1).
Kliffmüller, R. 1960. Beiträge zum Stoffhaushalt des Bodensees. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie, 45(3).
Kolkwitz, R., and Marsson, M. 1902. Grundsätze für die biologische Beurteilung 298 Skulberg des Wassers nach seiner Flora und Fauna. Mitteilungen d. Kgl. Prüfungsanstalt f. Wasserversorgung u. Abwasserbeseitigung. No. 1.
Kolkwitz, R., and Marsson, M. 1908. Ökologie der pflanzlichen Saprobien. Ber. d. Deut. Bot. Gesell. Jahrgang 1908, 26a(7).
Lauterborn, R. 1903. Die Verunreinigung der Gewässer und die biologische Methode ihrer Untersuchung. Ludwigshafen.
Lindeman, R. L. 1942. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology 23(4).
Lund, J. W. G. 1959. Biological tests on the fertility of an English reservoir water (Stocks Reservoir, Bowland Forest). J. Inst, of Water Engineers 13(6).
Macan, T. T., and Worthington, E. B. 1951. Life in lakes and rivers.The New Naturalist. London.
Mac Donald, J. O. 1875. A guide to the microscopical examination of drinking water. London.
Mackenzie, E. F. W., and Greenshields, F. 1949. The influence of algal growth on certain aspects of civil engineering design. The Institution of Civil Engineers. Excerpt from the proceedings of the conference on biology and civil engineering, September 21–23, 1948. London.
Maerki, E. Die Limnologie der schweizerischen Seen und Flüsse. Schweiz. Z. f. Hydrol, Vol. 11, Fase. 3/4.
Messikommer, E. 1954. Die Algenflora des Zürichsees bei Zürich. Schweiz. Z. f. Hydrol. Vol. 15, Fase. 1.
Mez, C. 1898. Mikroskopische Wasseranalyse. Berlin.
Naumann, E. 1929. Grundlinien der experimentellen Planktonforschung. Die Binnengewässer, Vol. 6. Stuttgart.
Nipkow, F. 1920. Vorläufige Mitteilungen über Untersuchungen des Schlammab- satzen im Zürichsee. Z. f. Hydrol 1.
Nygaard, G. 1945. Dansk Planteplankton. Copenhagen.
Nygaard, G. 1949. Hydrobiological studies on some Danish ponds and lakes. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Biologiske Skrifter 7(1).
Olszewski, W., and Spitta, O. 1931. Untersuchung und Beurteilung des Wassers und des Abwassers. Berlin.
Pearsall, W. H. 1921. The development of vegetation in the English lakes, considered in relation to the general evolution of glacial lakes and rock basins. Proc. Roy. Soc.
Pearsall, W. H., Gardiner, A. C., and Greenshields, F. 1946. Freshwater biology and water supply in Britain. Freshwater Biol. Assoc. Scientific Publication No. 11.
Pechlaner, R. 1961. Lebenswelt in alpinen Speicherseen. Wasser und Abwasser. Zur Limnologie der Speicherseen und Fluss-staue. Vol. 1961. Vienna.
Pennington, W. 1943. Lake sediments: the bottom deposits of the north basin of Windermere, with special reference to the diatom succession. New Phytologist 42.
Potash, M. 1956. A biological test for determining the potential productivity of water. Ecology, Vol. 37.
Printz, H. 1914. Kristianiatraktens Protococcoideer. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter. I Mat.-Naturv. Klasse. 1913, No. 6.
Radlkofer, L. 1865. Mikroskopische Untersuchung der organischen Substanzen im Brunnenwasser. Z. f. Biol. 1:26.
Rohde, W. 1948. Environmental requirements of fresh-water plankton algae. Experimental studies in the ecology of phytoplankton. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 10:1.
Schreiber, E. 1927. Die Reinkultur von marinen Phytoplankton und deren Bedeutung für die Erforschung der Produktionsfähigkeit des Meerwassers. Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, aus der Biologischen Anstalt auf Helgoland 16(10). Kiel.
Skuja, H. 1948. Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland, Schweden. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 9:3.
Skuja, H. 1956. Taxonomische und Biologische Studien über das PhytoplanktonAlgal Problems Related to the Eutrophication of European Water Supplies 299 Schwedischer Binnengewässer. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, Ser. IV, 16(3).
Starmach, K. 1958. Hydrobiological basis of the water utilization by waterworks. Polskie Arch. Hydrobiol 4(17).
Staub, R. 1961. Ernährungsphysiologisch-autökologische Untersuchungen an der planktischen Blaualge Oscillatoria rubescens D. C. Schweiz. Z. f. Hydrol, Vol. 23, Fase. 1.
Štěpánek, M. 1960. Limnological study of the reservoir Sedlice near 2eliv. X. Hydrobioclimatological part. The relation of the sun radiation to the primary production of nannoplankton. Scientific Papers from Inst, of Chem. Tech., Faculty of Tech. of Fuel and Water 4(2). Prague.
Štěpánek, M., and Pokorný, J. 1960. Practical knowledge of the bacteriomass and phytonannoplankton development in the reservoir Sedlice during 1957/1958. Scientific Papers from Inst, of Chem. Tech., Faculty of Tech. of Fuel and Water 4(1). Prague.
Štěpánek, M., et al. 1960. Application of algicide CA 350 in reservoirs.Scientific Papers from Inst, of Chem. Tech., Faculty of Tech. of Fuel and Water 4(2). Prague.
Strøm, K. M. 1926. Plankton from Finmark lakes. Tromsoe Museums Aarshefter 49(l).
Strøm, K. M. 1932. Tyrifjord, a limnological study. Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, I. Mat.-Naturv. Klasse 1932, No. 3.
Taylor, E. W. 1961. Thirty-ninth report on the resuhs of bacteriological, chemical and biological examination of the London waters for the years 1959–1960. Metropolitan Water Board.
Thienemann, A. 1928. Der Sauerstoff im eutrophen und oligotrophen See. Ein Beitrag zur Seetypenlehre. Die Binnengewässer, Vol. 4. Stuttgart.
Thomas, E. A., and Maerki, E. 1949. Der heutigen Zustand des Zürichsees. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, Vol. 10.
Thomas, E. A. 1951. Produktionsforschungen auf Grund der Sedimente im Pfäffi- kersee und Zürichsee. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, Vol. 11.
Thomas, E. A. 1957. Der Zürichsee, sein Wasser und sein Boden. Jahrbuch vom Zürichsee, Vol. 17.
Thresh, Beale, and Suckling. 1933. The examination of waters and water supplies. London.
Tonolli, V. 1961. Pubblicazioni dell Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia. Pallanza.
United Nations. 1957. Water and the world today. A United Nations Review Reprint. New York.
Utermöhl, H. 1931. Neue Wege in der quantitativen Erfassung des Planktons. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, Vol. 5.
Utermöhl, H. 1958. Zur Vervollkommung der quantitativen Phytoplankton- Methodik. Mitteilungen der Internationalen Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, No. 9.
Willén, T. 1960. Phytoplankton algae from three Spanish lakes. Svensk Botanisk Tidsskrift 54(4).
World Health Organization. 1956. Water pollution in Europe. Geneva.
Zimmermann, P. 1961. Chemische und bakteriologische Untersuchungen im unteren Zürichsee während der Jahre 1948–1957. Schweiz. Z. f Hydrol, Vol. 23, Fase. 2.
Züllig, H. 1956. Sedimente als Ausdruck des Zustandes eines Gewässers. Schweiz. Z.f Hydrol., Vol. 18, Fase. 1.
Zune, A. J. 1894. Traitd d’analyse chimique, micrographique et microbiologique des eaux potable. Paris and Brussels.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1964 Plenum Press
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Skulberg, O.M. (1964). Algal Problems Related to the Eutrophication of European Water Supplies, and a Bio-Assay Method to Assess Fertilizing Influences of Pollution on Inland Waters. In: Jackson, D.F. (eds) Algae and Man. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1719-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1719-7_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1721-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1719-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive