Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tryptophan in the central nervous system: Regulation and Significance

  • Chapter
Advances in Neurochemistry

Part of the book series: Advances in Neurochemistry ((CORG,volume 2))

Abstract

Tryptophan is an indispensable amino acid in animal nutrition. Without it young animals cease to grow, and adult animals can no longer maintain nitrogen equilibrium. Hence, dietary intake is ultimately the starting point for any consideration of the regulation of the content of this amino acid in the CNS. Dietary deficiency of tryptophan results quickly in a decrease in the content of this amino acid in brain (Gessa et al., 1974; Dickerson and Pao, 1975). This depletion also accounts for the known decrease in tissue 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), including that of the brain (Eber and Lembeck, 1958; Gal and Drewes, 1962; Culley et al., 1963). Some species (e.g., pig and rat) can use D-tryptophan for part of their nutritional requirement (Baker et al., 1971) presumably converting it by way of oxidative deamination followed by asymmetric transamination to the L-amino acid. The rat can use the α-keto analogue of tryptophan for growth, but this compound is not as effective as the amino acid itself (Pond et al., 1964).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aghajanian, G. K., 1972, Influence of drugs on the firing of serotonin-containing neurons in brain, Fed. Proc. Fed. Amer. Soc. Exp. Biol. 31:91–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aghajanian, G. K., and Asher, I. M., 1971, Histochemical fluorescence of raphe neurons: selective enhancement by tryptophan, Science 172:1159–1161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aghajanian, G. K., and Haigier, H. J., 1974, L-Tryptophan as a selective histochemical marker for serotoninergic neurons in single-cell recording studies, Brain Res. 81:364–372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aghajanian, G. K., Rosecrans, J. A., and Sheard, M. H., 1967, Serotonin: release in the forebrain by stimulation of midbrain raphe, Science 156:401–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Algeri, S., and Cerletti, C., 1974, Effects of L-dopa administration on the serotonergic system in rat brain: correlation between levels of L-dopa accumulated in the brain and depletion of serotonin and tryptophan, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 27:191–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altman, K., and Greengard, O., 1966, Tryptophan pyrrolase induced in human liver by hydrocortisone: effect on excretion of kynurenine, Science 151:332–333.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anden, N.-E., Dahlstrom, A., Fuxe, K., Larsson, K., Olson, L., and Ungerstedt, U., 1966, Ascending monoamine neurons to the telencephalon and diencephalon, Acta Physiol. Scand. 67:313–326.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andén, N.-E., Engel, Y., and Rubenson, A., 1972, Central decarboxylation and uptake of L-dopa, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 273:11–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aoki, K., and Siegel, F. L., 1970, Hyperphenylalaninemia: disaggregation of brain polyribosomes in young rats, Science 168:129–130.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashcroft, G. W., Eccleston, D., and Crawford, T. B. B., 1965, 5-Hydroxyindole metabolism in rat brain. A study of intermediate metabolism using the technique of tryptophan loading; I: methods, J. Neurochem. 12:489–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashcroft, G. W., Blackburn, I. M., Eccleston, D., Glen, A. I. M., Hartley, W., Kinloch, N. E., Lonergan, M., Murrary, L. G., and Pullar, I. A., 1973a, Changes on recovery in the concentrations of tryptophan and the biogenic amine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with affective illness, Psychol. Med. 3:319–325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashcroft, G. W., Crawford, T. B. B., Cundall, R. L., Davidson, D. L., Dobson, J., Dow, R. C., Eccleston, D., Loose, R. W., and Pullar, I. A., 1973b, 5-Hydroxytryptamine metabolism in affective illness: the effect of tryptophan administration, Psychol. Med. 3:326–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, D. H., Allen, N. K., Boomgaardt, J., Graber, G., and Norton, H. W., 1971, Quantitative aspects of D- and L-tryptophan utilization by the young pig, J. Anim. Sci. 33:42–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldessarini, R. J., and Fischer, J. E., 1973, Serotonin metabolism in rat brain after surgical diversion of the portal venous circulation, Nature (London) New Biol. 245:25–27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banos, G., Daniel, P. M., Moorhouse, S. R., and Pratt, O. E., 1923, The influx of amino acids into the brain of the rat in vivo: the essential compared with some non-essential amino acids, Proc. R. Soc. London 183:59–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banos, G., Daniel, P. M., Moorhouse, S. R., and Pratt, O. E., 1974a, Inhibition of entry of some amino acids into the brain with observations on mental retardation in the aminoacidurias, Psychol. Med. 4:262–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banos, G., Daniel, P. M., and Pratt, O. E., 1974b, Saturation of a shared mechanism which transports L-arginine and L-lysine into the brain of the living rat, J. Physiol. (London) 236:29–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa, E., Joanny, P., and Corriol, J., 1970, Accumulation active du tryptophane dans le cortex cérébral isolé du rat, C. R. Séances Soc. Biol. Paris 164:345–350.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barondes, S. H., 1974, Do tryptophan concentrations limit protein synthesis at specific sites in the brain? in: Aromatic Amino Acids in the Brain, Ciba Found. Symp. 22 (New ser.) (G. E. W. Wolstenholme and D. W. Fitzsimons, eds.), pp. 265–281, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumann, A., Bourgoin, S., Benda, P., Glowinski, J., and Hamon, M., 1974, Characteristics of tryptophan accumulation by glial cells, Brain Res. 66:253–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belin, M.-F., Chouvet, G., and Pujol, J.-F., 1974, Transport synaptosomal du tryptophane et de la tyrosine cérébrale. Stimulation de la vitesse de capture après réserpine ou inhibition de la monoamine oxydase, Biochem. Pharmacol. 23:587–597.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, A., 1975, Serum-amino acids and brain tryptophan uptake, Lancet 2:278–279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, D. A., and Bamji, A. N., 1974, Serum tryptophan binding in chlorpromazine-treated chronic schizophrenics, J. Neurochem. 22:805–809.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benkert, O., and Matussek, N., 1970, Influence of hydrocortisone and glucagon on liver tyrosine transaminase and on brain tyrosine, norepinephrine and serotonin, Nature (London) 228:73–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biggio, G., Fadda, F., Fanni, P., Tagliamonte, A., and Gessa, G. L., 1974, Rapid depletion of serum tryptophan, brain tryptophan, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid by a tryptophan-free diet, Life Sci. 14:1321–1329.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birkmayer, W., and Neumayer, E., 1972, Die Behandlung der Dopa-Psychosen mit L-Tryptopan, Nervenaezt 43:76–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birkmayer, W., Danielczyk, W., Neumayer, E., and Riederer, P., 1974, Nucleus ruber and L-dopa psychosis: biochemical post-mortem findings, J. Neural Transm. 35:93–116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blasberg, R., and Lajtha, A., 1965, Substrate specificity of steady-state amino acid transport in mouse brain slices, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 112:361–377.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bloxam, D. L., Warren, W. H., and White, P. J., 1974, Involvement of the liver in the regulation of tryptophan availability. Possible role in the responses of liver and brain to starvation, Life Sci. 15:1443–1455.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosin, T. R., Hathaway, D. R., and Maickel, R. P., 1974, Intestinal absorption of tryptophan stereoisomers and analogs, Arch. Intern. Pharmacodyn. Thér. 212:32–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boulton, A. A., and Baker, G. B., 1975, The subcellular distribution of β-phenylethylamine, p-tyramine and tryptamine in rat brain, J. Neurochem. 25:477–481.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgoin, S., Faive-Bauman, A., Benda, P., Glowinski, J., and Hamon, M., 1974, Plasma tryptophan and 5-HT metabolism in the CNS of the newborn rat, J. Neurochem. 23:319–327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowers, M. B., 1970, Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoles and behaviour after L-tryptophan and pyridoxine administration to psychiatric patients, Neuropharmacology 9:599–604.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broadhurst, A. D., 1970, L-Tryptophan versus E.C.T., Lancet 1:1392–1393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunney, W. E., Brodie, K. H., Murphy, D. L., and Goodwin, F. K., 1971, Studies of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, L-dopa, and L-tryptophan in depression and mania, Amer. J. Psychiatry 127:872–881.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buxton, B. H., Stewart, D. A., Murray-Lion, I. M., Curzon, G., and Williams, R., 1974, Plasma amino acids in experimental acute hepatic failure and their relationship to brain tryptophan, Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 46:559–562.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson, A., and Lindqvist, M., 1972, The effect of L-tryptophan and some psychotropic drugs on the formation of 5-hydroxytryptophan in the mouse brain in vivo, J. Neural Transm. 33:23–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, B. J., 1971, Monoamine precursors in the treatment of depression, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 12:743–761.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, B. J., Mowbray, R. M., and Davies, B., 1970, Sequential comparison of L-tryptophan with E.C.T. in severe depression, Lancet 1:967–969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cazzullo, C. L., Mangoni, H., and Mascherpa, A., 1966, Tryptophan metabolism in affective psychoses, Br. J. Psychiatry 112:157–162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C. N., Kalucy, R. S., Hartmann, M. K., Lacey, J. H., Crisp, A. H., Bailey, J. E., Eccleston, E. G., and Coppen, A., 1974, Plasma tryptophan and sleep, Br. Med. J. 4:564–566.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, H. N., 1964, Free amino acids and peptides in tissues, in: Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Vol. I (H. N. Munro and J. B. Allison, eds.), pp. 105–123, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cocchi, D., di Giulio, A., Groppetti, A., Mantegazza, P., Muller, E. E., and Spano, P. F., 1975, Hormonal inputs and brain tryptophan metabolism: the effect of growth hormone, Experientia 31:384–386.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L. L., and Huang, K. C., 1964, Intestinal transport of tryptophan and its derivatives, Amer. J. Physiol. 206:647.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coppen, A., 1967, The biochemistry of affective disorders, Br. J. Psychiatry 113:1237–1264.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coppen, A., 1972, Indoleamines and affective disorders, J. Psychiatr. Res. 9:163–171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coppen, A., Shaw, D. M., Herzberg, B., and Maggs, R., 1967, Tryptophan in the treatment of depression, Lancet 2:1178–1180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coppen, A., Brooksbank, B. W. L., and Peet, M., 1972a, Tryptophan concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressive patients, Lancet 1:1393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coppen, A., Metcalfe, M., Carroll, J. D., and Morris, J. G. L., 1972b, Levodopa and L-tryptophan therapy in parkinsonism, Lancet 1:654–658.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coppen, A., Whybrow, P. C., Noguera, R., Maggs, R., and Prange, A. J., 1972c, The comparative antidepressant value of L-tryptophan and inripramine with and without attempted potentiation by liothyronine, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 26:234–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coppen, A., Eccleston, E. G., and Peet, M., 1973, Total and free tryptophan concentration in the plasma of depressive patients, Lancet 2:60–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, E. and Meek, J. L., 1974, Regulation of biosynthesis of catecholamines and serotonin in the CNS, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. 14:491–511.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Culley, W. J., Saunders, R. N., Merts, E. T., and Jolly, D. H., 1963, Low tryptophan diet will decrease serotonin content of tissues, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 113:645–648.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, V. J., Hay, L., and Stoner, H. B., 1975, The binding of L-tryptophan to serum albumins in the presence of non-esterified fatty acids, Biochem. J. 146:653–658.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curzon, G., 1969, Tryptophan pyrrolase: a biochemical factor in depressive illness?, Br. J. Psychiatry 115:1367–1374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curzon, G., and Bridges, P. K., 1970, Tryptophan metabolism in depression, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 33:698–704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curzon, G., and Green, A. R., 1969, Effects of immobilization on rat liver tryptophan pyrrolase and brain 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism, Br. J. Pharmacol. 37:689–697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curzon, G., and Knott, P. J., 1974, Effects on plasma and brain tryptophan in the rat of drugs and hormones that influence the concentration of unesterified fatty acid in the plasma, Br. J. Pharmacol. 50:197–204.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curzon, G., and Knott, P. J., 1975, Rapid effects of environmental disturbance on rat plasma unesterified fatty acid and tryptophan concentrations and their prevention by antilipolytic drugs, Br. J. Pharmacol. 54:389–396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curzon, G., and Marsden, C. A., 1975, Metabolism of a tryptophan load in the hypothalamus and other brain regions, J. Neurochem. 25:251–256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curzon, G., Joseph, M. H., and Knott, P. J., 1972, Effects of immobilization and food deprivation on rat brain tryptophan metabolism, J. Neurochem. 19:1967–1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curzon, G., Kantamaneni, B. D., Winch, J., Rojas-Bueno, A., Murray-Lyon, I. M., and Williams, R., 1973, Plasma and brain tryptophan changes in experimental acute hepatic failure, J. Neurochem. 21:137–145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curzon, G., Friedel, J., Katamaneni, B. D., Greenwood, M. H., and Lader, M. H., 1974, Unesterified fatty acids and the binding of tryptophan in human plasma, Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 47:415–424.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curzon, G., Kantamaneni, B. D., Fernando, J. C., Woods, M. S., and Cavanagh, J. B., 1975, Effects of chronic portocaval anastomosis on brain tryptophan, tyrosine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, J. Neurochem. 24:1065–1070.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, R. W. P., 1970, Transport of lysine from cerebrospinal fluid of the cat, J. Neurochem. 17:1017–1027.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlström, A., and Fuxe, K., 1964, Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system. 1. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons, Acta Physiol. Scand. 62, supplement 232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, P. M., Love, E. R., Moorhouse, S. R., and Pratt, O. E., 1975, Amino acids, insulin and hepatic coma, Lancet 2:179–180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • David, J. C., Dairman, W., and Udenfriend, S., 1974, On the importance of decarboxylation in the metabolism of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 160:561–568.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeAntoni, A., Allegri, G., Costa, C., and Bordin, F., 1974, Melanogenesis from tryptophan: biogenetic experiments with Harding-Passey mouse melanoma, Experientia 30:600–601.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deguchi, T., Sinha, A. K., and Barchas, J. D., 1973, Biosynthesis of serotonin in raphe nuclei of rat brain: effect of p-chlorophenylalanine, J. Neurochem. 20:1329–1336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denizeau, F., and Sourkes, T. L., 1977, Regional transport of tryptophan in rat brain, J. Neurochem. in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denizeau, F., Wyse, J. R., and Sourkes, T. L., 1976, Two models of multiple transport systems; computation of parameters, J. Theoret. Biol., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson, J. W., and Pao, S.-K., 1975, The effect of a low protein diet and exogenous insulin on brain tryptophan and its metabolites in the weanling rat, J. Neurochem. 25:559–564.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domino, E. F., and Krause, R. R., 1974a, Free and bound serum tryptophan in drug-free normal controls and chronic schizophrenic patients, Biol. Psychiatry 8:265–279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domino, E. F., and Krause, R. R., 1974b, Plasma tryptophan tolerance curves in drug-free normal controls, schizophrenic patients and prisoner volunteers, J. Psychiatr. Res. 10:247–261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, K. N., Michael, A. F., and Good, R. A., 1966, Tryptophan metabolism in a patient with phenylketonuria and scleroderma: a proposed explanation of the indole defect in phenylketonuria, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 94:834–838.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, R. J. S., and Sourkes, T. L., 1974, Some enzymic aspects of the production of oxidized or reduced metabolites of catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine by brain tissues, J. Neurochem. 22:663–669.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunner, D. L., and Goodwin, F. K., 1972, Effect of L-tryptophan on brain serotonin metabolism in depressed patients, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 26:364–366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunner, D. L., and Fieve, R. R., 1975, Affective disorders: studies with amine precursors, Amer. J. Psychiatry 132:180–183.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eber, O., and Lembeck, F., 1958, Hydroxytryptamine content of the rat intestine at different tryptophan levels in nutrition, Pflügers Arch. Gesamte Physiol. Menschen Tiere 265:563–566.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eccleston, D., Ashcroft, G. W., Moir, A. T. B., Parker-Rhodes, A., Lutz, W., and O’Mahoney, D. P., 1968, A comparison of 5-hydroxyindoles in various regions of dog brain and cerebrospinal fluid, J. Neurochem. 15:947–957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eccleston, D., Ashcroft, G. W., Crawford, T. B. B., Stanton, J. B., Wood, D., and McTurk, P. H., 1970, Effect of tryptophan administration on 5HIAA in cerebrospinal fluid in man, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 33:269–272.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edvinson, L., Hakanson, R., Rönnberg, A.-L, and Sundler, R., 1973, Tryptophyl-polypep-tides in rat brain, J. Neurochem. 20:897–899.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etienne, P., Young, S. N., and Sourkes, T.L., 1976, Inhibition by albumin of tryptophan uptake by rat brain, Nature 262:144–145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fahn, S., Snider, S., Prosad, A. L. N., Lane, E., and Madadon, H., 1975, Normalization of brain serotonin by L-tryptophan in levodopa-treated rats, Neurology 25:861–865.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernstrom, J. D., and Wurtman, R. J., 1971, Brain serotonin content: physiological dependence on plasma tryptophan levels, Science 173:149–152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernstrom, J. D., and Wurtman, R. J., 1972, Brain serotonin content: physiological regulation by plasma neutral amino acids, Science 178:414–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernstrom, J. D., and Wurtman, R. J., 1974, Control of brain serotonin levels by the diet, Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 11:133–142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flentge, F., Venema, K., and Korf, J., 1974, Automated assay of tryptophan at the nanogram level: determination of tryptophan in cerebrospinal fluid and of total and nonprotein bound tryptophan in serum, Biochem. Med. 11:234–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fonnum, F., Haavaldsen, R., and Tangen, O., 1964, Transamination of aromatic amino acids in rat brain, J. Neurochem. 11:109–118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forn, J., Tagliamonte, A., Tagliamonte, P., and Gessa, G. L., 1972, Stimulation by dibutyryl cyclic AMP of serotonin synthesis and tryptophan transport in brain slices, Nature (London) New Biol. 237:245–247.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, G. M., Dudzinski, D. S., and Cutler, R. W. P., 1975, Amino acid transport into the cerebrospinal fluid of the rat, J. Neurochem. 24:367–372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frazer, A., Pandey, G. N., and Mendels, J., 1973, Metabolism of tryptophan in depressive disease, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 29:528–535.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, P. A., Kappelman, A. H., and Kaufman, S., 1972, Partial purification and characterization of tryptophan hydroxylase from rabbit hindbrain, J. Biol. Chem. 247:4165–4173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frohman, C. E., Warner, K. A., Yoon, H. S., Arthur, R. E., and Gottlieb, J. S., 1969, The plasma factor and transport of indoleamino acids, Biol. Psychiatry 1:377–385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuxe, K., 1965, Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system. IV. Distribution of monoamine nerve terminals in the central nervous system, Acta Physiol. Scand. 64: Suppl. 247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gal, E. M., 1972, 5-Hydroxytryptamine-O-sulphate: an alternate route of serotonin inactivation in brain, Brain Res. 44:309–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gál, E. M., 1974, Cerebral tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (pyrrolase) and its induction in rat brain, J. Neurochem. 22:861–863.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gál, E. M., 1975, Hydroxylation 4 tryptophan and its control in brain, Pavlovian J. 10:145–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gál, E. M., and Drewes, P. A., 1962, Metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). U. Effect of tryptophan deficiency in rats, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 110:368–371.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gál, E. M., and Roggeveen, A. E., 1973, Cerebral hydroxylases: stimulation by a new factor, Science 179:809–811.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gál, E. M., Armstrong, J. C., and Ginsberg, B., 1966. The nature of in vitro hydroxylation of L-tryptophan by brain tissue, J. Neurochem. 13:643–654.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gayford, J. J., Parker, A. L., Phillips, E. M., and Rowsell, A. R., 1973, Whole blood 5-hydroxtryptamine during treatment of endogenous depressive illness, Br. J. Psychiatry 122:597–598.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geddes, C., Martin, M. J., and Moir, A. T. B., 1973, The transport of L-tryptophan from cerebrospinal fluid in the dog, J. Physiol. 230:595–611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gehlen, W., and Müller, J., 1974, Zur Therapie der Dopa-Psychosen mit L-Tryptophan, Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 99:457–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gessa, G. L., and Tagliamonte, A., 1974, Possible role of free serum tryptophan in the control of brain tryptophan level and serotonin synthesis, Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 11:119–131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gessa, G. L., Biggio, G., Fadda, F., Corsini, G. U., and Tagliamonte, A., 1974, Effect of the oral administration of tryptophan-free amino acid mixtures on serum tryptophan, brain tryptophan and serotonin metabolism, J. Neurochem. 22:869–870.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilboe, D. D., and Betz, A. L., 1971, Kinetics of amino acid transport in the isolated dog brain, Abstracts, 3rd Int. Meeting, International Society of Neurochemistry, Budapest (July, 1971), p. 94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grahame-Smith, D. G., 1971, Studies in vivo on the relationship between brain tryptophan, brain 5HT synthesis and hyperactivity in rats treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and L-tryptophan, J. Neurochem. 18:1053–1066.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grahame-Smith, D. G., and Parfitt, A. G., 1970, Tryptophan transport across the synaptosomal membrane, J. Neurochem. 17:1339–1353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, A. R., and Curzon, G., 1968, Decrease of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain provoked by hydrocortisone and its prevention by allopurinol, Nature (London) 220:1095–1097.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, A. R., and Curzon, G., 1970, The effect of tryptophan metabolites on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism, Biochem. Pharmacol. 19:2061–2068.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, A. R., and Curzon, G., 1975, Effects of hydrocortisone and immobilization on tryptophan metabolism in brain and liver of rats of different ages, Biochem. Pharmacol. 24:713–716.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, A. R., Koslow, S. H., and Costa, E., 1973, Identification and quantitation of a new indolealkylamine in rat hypothalamus, Brain Res. 51:371–374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, A. R., Sourkes, T. L., and Young, S. N., 1975a, Liver and brain tryptophan metabolism following hydrocortisone administration to rats and gerbils, Br. J. Pharmacol. 53:287–292.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, A. R., Woods, H. F., Knott, P. J., and Curzon, G., 1975b, Factors influencing effect of hydrocortisone on rat brain tryptophan metabolism, Nature (London) 255:170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, M. H., Friede, J., Bond, A. J., Curzon, G., and Lader, M. H., 1974, The acute effects of intravenous infusion of L-tryptophan in normal subjects, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 16:455–464.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, M. H., Lader, M. H., Kantameneni, B. D., and Curzon, G., 1975, The acute effects of oral (-)-tryptophan in human subjects, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2:165–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guchhait, R. B., Janson, C., and Price, W. H., 1975, Validity of plasma factor in schizophrenia as measured by tryptophan uptake, Biol. Psychiatry 10:303–314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guroff, G., and Udenfriend, S., 1962, Studies on aromatic amino acid uptake by rat brain in vivo, J. Biol. Chem. 237:803–806.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamon, M., and Glowinski, J., 1974, Regulation of serotonin synthesis, Life Sci. 15:1533–1548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, E., 1974, L-Trytophan: a possible natural hypnotic substance, J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 230:1680–1681.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, E., Cravens, J., and List, S., 1974, Hypnotic effects of L-tryptophan, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 31:394–397.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Héry, F., Rouer, E., and Glowinski, J., 1972, Daily variations of serotonin metabolism in the rat brain, Brain Res. 43:445–465.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrington, R. N., Bruce, A., Johnstone, E. C., and Lader, M. H., 1974, Comparative trial of L-tryptophan and E.C.T. in severe depressive illness, Lancet 2:731–734.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, S. M., and Doepfner, W., 1961, Behavioral effects and brain amine content in rats, Arch. Intern. Pharmacodyn, Thér. 134:89–99.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillarp, N.-Å., Fuxe, K., and Dahlström, A., 1966, Central monoamine neurons, in: Mechanisms of Release of Biogenic Amines (U. S. Von Euler, S. Rosell, and B. Uvnäs, eds.), pp. 31–57, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillier, J., Hillier, J. G., and Redgem, P. H., 1975, Liver tryptophan pyrrolase acivity and metabolism of brain 5HT in rat, Nature (London) 253:566–567.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Himwich, H. E. (ed.), 1971, Biochemistry, Schizophrenia and Affective Illnesses, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirata, F., and Hayaishi, O., 1971, Possible participation of superoxide anion in the intestinal tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase reaction, J. Biol. Chem. 246:7825–7826.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirata, F., Hayaishi, O., Tokuyama, T., and Senoh, S., 1974, In vitro and in vivo formation of two new metabolites of melatonin, J. Biol. Chem. 249:1311–1313.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirayama, C., 1971, Tryptophan metabolism in liver disease, Clin. Chim. Acta 32:191–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horwitt, M. K., Harvey, C. C., Rothwell, W. S., Cutler, J. L., and Haffron, D., 1956, Tryptophan-niacin relationships in man. Studies with diets deficient in riboflavin and niacin together with observations on the excretion of nitrogen and niacin metabolites, J. Nutr. 60: Suppl. 1:1–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ichiyama, A., Nakamura, S., Nishizuka, Y., and Hayaishi, O., 1970, Enzymatic studies on the biosynthesis of serotonin in mammalian brain, J. Biol. Chem. 245:1699–1709.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, H., Okamoto, H., and Kuramoto, I., 1974, Effect of lithium on serum tryptophan and brain serotonin in rats, Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 24:235–240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, H., Okamoto, H., and Koh, S., 1975, Effects of various drugs on serum free and total tryptophan levels and brain tryptophan metabolism in rats, Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 25:303–310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacquez, J. A., 1961, Transport and exchange diffusion of L-tryptophan in Ehrlich cells, Amer. J. Physiol. 200:1063–1068.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, K., Fruensgaard, K., Ahlfors, U.-G., Pihkanen, T. A., Tuomikoski, S., Ose, E., Dencker, S. J., Lindberg, D., and Nagy, A., 1975, Tryptophan/imipramine in depression, Lancet 2:920.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joanny, P., Barbosa, E., and Corriol, J., 1968, Accumulation active de quelques acides aminés dans les coupes de cerveau de Rat, J. Physiol. (Paris), Supple. 60:265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joh, T. H., Shikimi, T., Pickel, V. M., and Reis, D. J., 1975, Brain tryptophan hydroxylase: purification of, production of antibodies to, and cellular ultrastructural localization in serotonergic neurons of rat midbrain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72:3575–3579.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T. C., and Chou, L., 1973, Level and amino acid acceptor activity of mouse brain t-RNA during neural development, J. Neurochem. 20:405–414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T. C., and Luttges, M. W., 1966, The effects of maturation on in vitro protein synthesis by mouse brain cells, J. Neurochem. 13:545–552.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jouvet, M., and Pujol, J.-F., 1974, Effects of central alterations of serotoninergic neurons upon the sleep-waking cycle, Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 11:199–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karobath, M., Diaz, J.-L., and Huttunen, M. O., 1971, The effect of L-dopa on the concentrations of tryptophan, tyrosine and serotonin in rat brain, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 14:393–396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katzman, R., and Pappius, H. M., 1973, Brain Electrolytes and Fluid Metabolism, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiely, M. E., 1974, The transport of L-tryptophan into slices of rat cerebral cortex, Ph.D. thesis, McGill University, Montreal, p. 114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiely, M. E., and Sourkes, T. L., 1972, Transport of L-tryptophan into slices of rat cerebral cortex, J. Neurochem. 19:2863–2872.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. H., and Miller, L. L., 1969, The functional significance of changes in activity of the enzymes, tryptophan pyrrolase and tyrosine transaminase, after induction in intact rats and in the isolated, perfused rat liver, J. Biol. Chem. 244:1410–1416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, N. S., and Shah, B. K., 1973, Comparable therapeutic efficacy of tryptophan and imipramine: average therapeutic ratings versus “true” equivalence. An important difference, Curr. Thera. Res. Clin. Exp. 15:484–487.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, S., and Mandell, A. J., 1973, Short- and long-term lithium administration: effects on the brain’s serotonergic biosynthetic systems, Science 180:645–647.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, S., and Mandell, A. J., 1975, Effects of lithium chloride on parameters of biosynthetic capacity for 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat brain, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 193:812–823.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knell, A. J., Pratt, O. E., Curzon, G., and Williams, R., 1972, Changing ideas in hepatic encephalopathy, in: Eighth Symposium on Advanced Medicine (G. Neale, ed.), pp. 156–170, Pitman, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knell, A. J., Davidson, A. R., Williams, R., Kantamaneni, B. D., and Curzon, G., 1974, Dopamine and serotonin metabolism in hepatic encephalopathy, Br. Med. J. 1:549–551.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knott, P. J., and Curzon, G., 1972, Free tryptophan in plasma and brain tryptophan metabolism, Nature (London) 239:452–453.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knott, P. J., and Curzon, G., 1974, Effect of increased rat brain tryptophan on 5-hydroxytryp-tamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the hypothalamus and other brain regions, J. Neurochem. 22:1065–1071.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knott, P. J., and Curzon, G., 1975, Tryptophan and tyrosine disposition and brain tryptophan metabolism in acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning, Biochem. Pharmacol. 24:963–966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knox, W. E., 1966, The regulation of tryptophan pyrrolase activity by tryptophan, Adv. Enzyme Regul. 4:287–297.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koslow, S. H., 1974, 5-Methoxytryptamine: a possible central nervous system transmitter, Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 11:95–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krnjevic, K., 1974, Chemical nature of synaptic transmission in vertebrates, Physiol. Rev. 54:418–540.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhar, M. J., Aghajanian, G. K., and Roth, R. H., 1972, Tryptophan hydroxylase activity and synaptosomal uptake of serotonin in discrete brain regions after midbrain raphe lesions: correlation with serotonin levels and histochemical fluorescence, Brain Res. 44:165–176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lajtha, A., 1964, Protein metabolism of the nervous system, in: International Review of Neurobiology, Vol. 6 (C. C. Pfeiffer and J. R. Surythies, eds.), pp. 1–98, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lajtha, A., 1974, Amino acid transport in the brain in vivo and in vitro, in: Aromatic Amino Acids in the Brain, Ciba Found. Symp. 22 (New Ser.), (G. E. W. Wolstenholme and D. W. Fitzsimons, eds.), pp. 25–49, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lajtha, A., and Toth, J., 1962, The brain barrier system. III. The efflux of intracerebrally administered amino acids from the brain, J. Neurochem. 9:199–212.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lal, S., Aronoff, A., Garelis, E., Sourkes, T. L., Young, S. N., and de la Vega, C. E., 1974, Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, lactic acid, and pH before and after probenecid in hepatic coma, Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 77:142–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal, S., Young, S. N., and Sourkes, T. L., 1975, 5-Hydroxytryptamine and hepatic coma, Lancet 2:979–980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lapin, I. P., and Oxenkrug, G. F., 1969, Intensification of the central serotoninergic process as a possible determinant of the thymoleptic effect, Lancet 1:132–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lees, G. J., and Weiner, N., 1975, An examination of the catalytic properties of several aminotransferases in brain and liver by means of an improved radiometric assay with dinitrophenylhydrazine, J. Neurochem. 25:315–322.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, J., 1966, Mental disturbances followed by stupor in a patient with carcinoidosis. Recovery with tryptophan treatment, Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 42:153–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, J., 1972, Mental and neuromuscular symptoms in tryptophan deficiency, Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 237:1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, J., 1973, Tryptophan metabolism in levodopa-treated Parkinsonian patients, Acta Med. Scand. 194:181–189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leklem, J. E., 1971, Quantitative aspects of tryptophan metabolism in humans and other species: a review, Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 24:659–672.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, E., Nogueira, G., and Garcia Argiz, C. A., 1966a, Ventriculo-cisternal perfusion of amino acids in cat brain. I. Rates of disappearance from the perfusate, J. Neurochem. 13:761–767.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, E., Garcia Argiz, C. A., and Nogueira, G. J., 1966b, Ventriculo-cisternal perfusion of amino acids in cat brain. II. Incorporation of glutamic acid, glutamine and GABA into the brain parenchyma, J. Neurochem. 13:979–988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, E., Sepulveda, F. V., and Yudilevich, D. L., 1974, Pial vessels transport of substances from cerebrospinal fluid to blood, Nature (London) 249:266–268.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewander, T., and Sjöström, R., 1973, Increase in plasma concentration of free tryptophan caused by probenecid in humans, Psychopharmacology 33:81–86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lineweaver, H., and Burk, D., 1934, Determination of enzyme dissociation constants, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 56:658–666.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, C.-C., Chung, C.-H., and Lee, M.-L., 1973, Amino acid activation in mammalian brain: purification and characterization of tryptophan-activating enzyme from buffalo brain, Biochem. J. 135:367–373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y. P., Ambani, L. M., and Van Woert, M. H., 1974. L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine: effect on levels of free amino acids in rat liver, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 147:154–157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzo, A. V., 1974, Amino acid transport mechanisms of the cerebrospinal fluid, Fed. Proc. Fed. Amer. Soc. Exp. Biol. 33:2079–2085.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzo, A. V., and Cutler, R. W. P., 1969, Amino acid transport by choroid plexus in vitro, J. Neurochem. 16:577–585.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovenberg, W., and Victor, S. J., 1974, Regulation of tryptophan and tyrosine hydroxylase, Life Sci. 14:2337–2353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McArthur, J. N., Dawkins, P. D., and Smith, M. J. H., 1971a, The displacement of L-tryptophan and dipeptides from bovine albumin in vitro and from human plasma in vivo by antirheumatic drugs, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 23:393–398.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McArthur, J. N., Dawkins, P. D., Smith, M. J. H., and Hamilton, E. B. D., 1971b, Mode of action of antirheumatic drugs, Br. Med. J. 2:677–679.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMenamy, R. H., 1964, The binding of indole analogues to defatted human serum albumin at different chloride concentrations, J. Biol. Chem. 239:2835–2841.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMenamy, R. H., and Oncley, J. L., 1958, The specific binding of L-tryptophan to serum albumin, J. Biol. Chem. 233:1436–1447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMenamy, R. H., Lund, C. C., and Oncley, J. L., 1957, Unbound amino acid concentrations in human blood plasmas, J. Clin. Invest. 36:1672–1679.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacSweeney, D. A., 1975, Treatment of unipolar depression, Lancet 2:510–511.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madras, B. K., Cohen, E. L., Fernstrom, J. D., Larin, F., Munro, H. N., and Wurtman, R. J., 1973, Dietary carbohydrate increases brain tryptophan and decreases free plasma tryptophan, Nature (London) 244:34–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madras, B. K., Cohen, E. L., Messing, R., Munro, H. N., and Wurtman, R. J., 1974, Relevance of free tryptophan in serum to tissue tryptophan concentrations, Metabolism 23:1107–1116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makino, K., Joh, Y., and Hasegauva, F., 1962, The detection of mausamine (5-hydroxykynuramine) in the brain of the mouse, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 6:432–437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandell, A. J., and Morgan, M., 1971, Indole(ethyl)amine N-methyltransferase in human brain, Nature (London) New Biol. 230:85–87.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandell, A. J., Knapp, S., and Hsu, L. L., 1974, Some factors in the regulation of central serotonergic synapses, Life Sci. 14:1–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, C. A., and Curzon, G., 1974, Effects of lesions and drugs on brain tryptamine, J. Neurochem. 23:1171–1176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattson, W. J., Iob, V., Sloan, M., Coon, W. W., Turcotte, J. G., and Child, C. G., 1970, Alterations of individual free amino acids in brain during acute hepatic coma, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 130:263–266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendels, J., Stinnett, J. L., Burns, D., and Frazer, A., 1975, Amine precursors and depression, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 32:22–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, E. M., and Nieburg, H. A., 1974, L-Tryptophan in the treatment of levodopa-induced psychiatric disorders, Dis. Nerv. Syst. 35:20–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Modigh, K., 1975, The relationship between the concentrations of tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in rat brain and cerebrospinal fluid, J. Neurochem. 25:351–352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moir, A. T. B., 1975, Tryptophan concentration in the brain, in: Aromatic Amino Acids in the Brain, Ciba Found. Symp. 22 (New Ser.) (G. E. W. Wolstenholme and D. W. Fitzsimons, eds.), pp. 197–206, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moir, A. T. B., and Eccleston, D., 1968, The effects of precursor loading in the cerebral metabolism of 5-hydroxyindoles, J. Neurochem. 15:1093–1108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, W. W., Saldana, J. J., Yudo, C. A., and Morgan, J. F., 1975, Correlations between circadian changes in serum amino acids or brain tryptophan and the contents of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in regions of the rat brain, Brain Res. 84:75–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, W. E., and Wollert, U., 1975, Benzodiazepines: specific competitors for the binding of L-tryptophan to human serum albumin, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 288:17–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munro, H. N., 1968, Role of amino acid supply in regulating ribosome function, Fed. Proc. Fed. Amer. Soc. Exp. Biol. 27:1231–1237.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munro, H. N., Fernstrom, J. D., and Wurtman, R. J., 1975, Insulin, plasma aminoacid imbalance, and hepatic coma, Lancet 1:722–724.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, D. L., Baker, M., Goodwin, F. K., Miller, H., Kotin, J., and Bunney, W. E., 1974, L-Tryptophan in affective disorders: indoleamine changes and differential clinical effects, Psychopharmacol. 34:11–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müting, D., 1962, Changes in the free amino acid composition of cerebrospinal fluid in liver disease, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 110:620–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oja, S. S., Lähdesmäki, P., and Vahvelainen, M.-L., 1974, Aromatic amino acid supply and brain protein synthesis, in: Aromatic Amino Acids in the Brain, Ciba Found. Symp. 22 (New Ser.) (G. E. W. Wolstenholme and D. W. Fitzsimons, eds.), pp. 283–297, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldendorf, W. H., 1971, Brain uptake of radiolabelled amino acids, amines and hexoses after arterial injection, Amer. J. Physiol. 221:1629–1639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orlowski, M., Sessa, G., and Green, J. P., 1974, γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase in brain capillaries: possible site of a blood-brain barrier for amino acids, Science 184:66–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paoletti, R., Sirtori, C., and Spano, P. F., 1975, Clinical relevance of drugs affecting tryptophan transport, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. 15:73–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pardridge, W. M., and Oldendorf, W. H., 1975, Kinetic analysis of blood-brain barrier transport of amino acids, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 401:128–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, S. M., Hsu, L. L., and Mandell, A. J., 1975, Extrapineal N-acetyltransferase activity in rat brain, Life Sci. 15:2135–2143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, I. R., Walsh, E. M., and Whittenburg, J. R., 1974, Relationship of dietary tryptophan and niacin to tryptophan metabolism in schizophrenics and nonschizophrenics, Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 27:565–571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Cruet, J., Tagliamonte, A., Tagliamonte, P., and Gessa, G. L., 1972, Changes in brain serotonin metabolism associated with fasting and satiation in rats, Life Sci. 11:31–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Cruet, J., Chase, T. N., and Murphy, D. L., 1974, Dietary regulation of brain tryptophan metabolism by plasma ratio of free tryptophan and neutral amino acids in humans, Nature (London) 248:693–695.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philips, S. R., Durden, D. A., and Boulton, A. A., 1974, Identification and distribution of tryptamine in the rat, Can. J. Biochem. 52:447–451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollin, W., Cardon, P. V., and Kety, S. S., 1961, Effects of amino acid feedings in schizophrenic patients treated with iproniazid, Science 133:104–105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pond, W. G., Breuer, L. H., Loosli, J. K., and Warner, R. G., 1964, Effects of the α-hydroxy analogues of isoleucine, lysine, threonine and tryptophan and the α-keto analogue of tryptophan and the level of the corresponding amino acids on growth of rats, J. Nutr. 83:85–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prange, A. J., Wilson, I. C., Lynn, C. W., Alltop, L. B., and Stikeleather, R. A., 1974, L-Tryptophan in mania: contribution to a permissive hypothesis of affective disorders, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 30:56–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberge, A. G., Missala, K., and Sourkes, T. L., 1972, Alpha-methyltryptophan: effects on synthesis and degradation of serotonin in the brain, Neuropharmacology 11:197–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, S., 1974, Effects of amino acid imbalance on amino acid utilization, protein synthesis and polyribosome function in cerebral cortex, in: Aromatic Amino Acids in the Brain, Ciba Found. Symp. 22 (New Ser.) (G. E. W. Wolstenholme and D. W. Fitzsimons, eds.), pp. 299–324, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, A. D., and Curzon, G., 1975, Melanin formation by human brain in vitro, J. Neurochem. 24:1123–1129.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, L. E., and Scriver, C. R., 1969, Disorders of amino acid metabolism, in: Duncan’s Diseases of Metabolism, Chapter 9, 6th Ed. (P. K. Bondy, ed.), W. E. Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, R. T., 1967, Adrenal cortical activity changes in manic-depressive illness. Influence on intermediary metabolism of tryptophan, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 17:671–679.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, R. T., and Mandell, A. J., 1966, Adrenal cortical activity in pathological emotional states, Amer. J. Psychiatry 123:387–400.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saavedra, J. M., and Axelrod, J., 1972a, Psychotomimetic N-methylated tryptamines: formation in brain in vivo and in vitro, Science 175:1365–1366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saavedra, J. M., and Axelrod, J., 1912b, A specific and sensitive enzymatic assay for tryptamine in tissues, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 182:363–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saavedra, J. M., and Axelrod, J., 1973, Effect of drugs on the tryptamine content of rat tissues, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 185:523–529.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scapagnini, U., Preziosi, D., and DeSchaepdryver, A. F., 1969, Influence of restraint stress, corticosterone and betamethasone on brain amine levels, Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 1:63–69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, J., 1973, Effect of chronic lithium treatment on monoamine metabolism in rat brain, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 32:301–311.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seta, K., Sansur, M., and Lajtha, A., 1973, The rate of incoporation of amino acids into brain proteins during infusion in the rat, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 294:472–480.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, N. S., Stevens, S., and Himwich, H. E., 1968, Effect of chronic administration of cortisone on the tryptophan-induced changes in amine levels in the rat brain, Arch. Intern. Pharmacodyn, Thér. 171:285–295.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, D. M., Johnson, A. L., Tidmarsh, S. F., MacSweeney, D. A., Hewland, H. R., and Woolcock, N. E., 1975, Multicompartmental analysis of amino acids. I. Preliminary data on concentrations, fluxes, and flow constants of tryptophan in affective illness, Psychol. Med. 5:206–213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sidransky, H., Verney, E., and Sarma, D. S. R., 1971, Effect of tryptophan on polyribosomes and protein synthesis in liver, Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 24:779–784.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, F. L., Aoki, K., and Colwell, R. E., 1971, Polyribosome disaggregation and cell-free protein synthesis in preparations from cerebral cortex of hyperphenylalaninemic rats, J. Neurochem. 18:537–547.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snodgrass, S. R., and Horn, A. S., 1973, An assay procedure for tryptamine in brain and spinal cord using its [3H]dansyl derivative, J. Neurochem. 21:687–696.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snodgrass, S. R., and Iversen, L. L., 1974, Amino acid uptake into human brain tumors, Brain Res. 76:95–107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sourkes, T. L., 1971, Alpha-methyltryptophan and its actions on tryptophan metabolism, Fed. Proc. Fed. Amer. Soc. Exp. Biol. 30:897–903.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sourkes, T. L., 1973, Enzymology and sites of action of monoamines in the central nervous system, Adv. Neurol. 2:13–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sourkes, T. L., Missala, K., and Oravec, M., 1970, Decrease of cerebral serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid caused by (-)-α-methyltryptophan, J. Neurochem. 17:111–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spano, P. F., Szyszka, K., Pozza, G., and Sirtori, C. R., 1974, Influence of Clofibrate on serum tryptophan in man, Res. Exp. Med. 163:265–269.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, R. P., and Samiy, A. H., 1960, Intestinal transport of L-tryptophan in vitro: inhibition by high concentrations, Amer. J. Physiol. 199:1033–1036.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stelmasiak, Z., and Curzon, G., 1974, Effect of electroconvulsive therapy on plasma unesterified fatty acid and free tryptophan concentrations in man, J. Neurochem. 22:603–604.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoner, H. B., Cunningham, V. J., Elson, P. M., and Hunt, A., 1975, The effects of diet, lipolysis and limb ischaemia on the distribution of plasma tryptophan in the rat, Biochem. J. 146:659–666.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tagliamonte, A., Biggio, G., and Gessa, G. L., 1971a, Possible role of “free” plasma tryptophan in controlling brain tryptophan concentrations, Riv. Farmacol. Ter. 11:251–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tagliamonte, A., Tagliamonte, P., Perez-Cruet, J., Stern, S., and Gessa, G. L., 1971b, Effect of psychotropic drugs on tryptophan concentration in the rat brain, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 177:475–480.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tagliamonte, A., Tagliamonte, P., DiChiara, G., Gessa, R., and Gessa, G. L., 1972a, Increase of brain tryptophan by electroconvulsive shock in rats, J. Neurochem. 19:1509–1512.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tagliamonte, A., Tagliamonte, P., and Gessa, G. L., 1972b, Stimulation by dibutyryl cyclic AMP of serotonin synthesis and tryptophan transport in brain slices, Nature (London) New Biol. 237:245–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tagliamonte, A., Biggio, G., Vargiu, L., and Gessa, G. L., 1973, Free tryptophan in serum controls brain tryptophan level and serotonin synthesis, Life Sci. 12:277–287.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toda, N., 1975, Analysis of the effect of 5-hydroxykynurenamine, a serotonin metabolite, on isolated cerebral arteries, aortas and atria, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 193:385–392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tong, J. H., and Kaufman, S., 1975, Tryptophan hydroxylase: purification and some properties of the enzyme from rabbit hindbrain, J. Biol. Chem. 250:4152–4158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuda, H., Noguchi, T., and Kido, R., 1972, 5-Hydroxytryptophan pyrrolase in rat brain, J. Neurochem. 19:887–890.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, A. J., Illingworth, J. A., and Tipton, K. F., 1974, Stimulation of biogenic amine metabolism in the brain, Biochem. J. 144:353–360.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vahvelainen, M. L., and Oja, S. S., 1972, Kinetics of influx of phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine and leucine into slices of brain cortex from adult and 7-day-old rats, Brain Res. 40:477–488.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vahvelainen, M.-L., and Oja, S. S., 1975, Kinetic analysis of phenylalanine-induced inhibition in the saturable influx of tyrosine, tryptophan, leucine and histidine into brain cortex slices from adult and 7-day-old rats, J. Neurochem. 24:885–892.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, K. A., Frohman, C. E., and Gottlieb, J. S., 1972, The effect of the plasma factor on the uptake of amino acids by neural tissue, Biol. Psychiatry 5:173–18C.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, B. F., Roch, L. E., Munro, H. N., and Wurtman, R. J., 1974, L-Dopa, polysomal aggregation and cerebral synthesis of protein, in: Aromatic Amino Acids in the Brain, Ciba Found. Symp. 22 (New Ser.) (G. E. W. Wolstenholme and D. W. Fitzsimons, eds.), pp. 325–334, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, B. F., Liebschutz, J. L., Wurtman, R. J., and Munro, H. N., 1975, Participation of dopamine- and serotonin-receptors in the disaggregation of brain polysomes by L-dopa and L-5HTP, J. Neurochem. 24:1191–1195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiley, W. R., 1970, Tryptophan transport in Neurospora crassa: a tryptophan binding protein released by cold osmotic shock, J. Bacteriol. 103:656–662.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, P. H., and Boulton, A. A., 1973, Distribution and metabolism of tryptamine in rat brain, Can. J. Biochem. 51:1104–1112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wurtman, R. J., Shein, H. M., Axelrod, J., and Laren, F., 1969, Incorporation of 14C-tryptophan into 14C-protein by cultured rat pineals: stimulation by L-norepinephrine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 62:749–755.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt, R. J., Engelman, K., Kupfer, D. J., Fram, D. H., Sjoerdsma, A., and Snyder, F., 1970, Effects of L-tryptophan (a natural sedative) on human sleep, Lancet 2:842–846.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, S., and Hayaishi, O., 1967, Tryptophan pyrrolase of rabbit intestine: D- and L-tryptophan-cleaving enzyme or enzymes, J. Biol. Chem. 22:5260–5266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanaihara, N., Hashimoto, T., Yanaihara, C., Tsuji, K., Kenmochi, Y., Ashizawa, F., Kaneko, T., Oka, H., Saito, S., Arimura, A., and Schally, A. V., 1973, Synthesis and biological evaluation of analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) modified in position 2, 3, 4 or 5, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 52:64–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yarbro, M. T., and Anderson, J. A., 1966, L-Tryptophan metabolism in phenylketonuria, J. Pediatr. 68:895–904.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, S. N., and Sourkes, T. L., 1974, Antidepressant action of tryptophan, Lancet 2:897–898.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, S. N., and Sourkes, T. L., 1975, Tryptophan catabolism by tryptophan pyrrolase in rat liver: effect of tryptophan loads and changes in tryptophan pyrrolase activity, J. Biol. Chem. 250:5009–5014.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, S. N., Lal, S., Martin, J. B., Ford, R. M., and Sourkes, T. L., 1973,5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid, homovanillic acid and tryptophan levels in CSF above and below a complete block of CSF flow, Psychiatr. Neurol. Neurochir. 76:439–444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, S. N., Garelis, E., Lal, S., Martin, J. B., Molina-Negro, P., Ethier, R., and Sourkes, T. L., 1974a, Tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid, J. Neurochem. 22:777–779.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, S. N., Oravec, M., and Sourkes, T. L., 1974b, The effect of theophylline on tryptophan pyrrolase in the hypophysectomized rat and some observations on the validity of tryptophan pyrrolase assays, J. Biol. Chem. 249:3932–3936.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, S. N., Lal, S., Sourkes, T. L., Feldmuller, F., Aronoff, A., and Martin, J. B., 1975, Relationships between tryptophan in serum and CSF and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in CSF of man: effect of cirrhosis of the liver and probenecid administration, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 38:322–330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, S. N., Etienne, P., and Sourkes, T. L., 1976a, Relationship between rat brain and cisternal CSF tryptophan concentrations, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 39:239–243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, S. N., Lal, S., Feldmuller, F., Sourkes, T. L., Ford, R. M., Kiely, M., and Martin, J. B., 1976b, Parallel variation of ventricular CSF tryptophan and free serum tryptophan in man, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 39:61–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuwiler, A., 1973, Conversion of D- and L-tryptophan to brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and to blood serotonin, J. Neurochem. 20:1099–1109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuwiler, A., and Geller, E., 1973, Rat liver tryptophan oxygenase induced by neonatal corticoid administration and its effect on brain serotonin, Enzyme 15:161–168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuwiler, A., Geller, E., and Slater, G. G., 1965, On the mechanism of the brain serotonin depletion in experimental phenylketonuria, J. Biol. Chem. 240:1170–1174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuwiler, A., Wetterberg, L., and Geller, E., 1971: Relationship between alternate routes of tryptophan metabolism following administration of tryptophan peroxidase inducers or stressors, J. Neurochem. 18:593–599.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    S. N. Young & T. L. Sourkes

Authors
  1. S. N. Young
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. T. L. Sourkes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Mental Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    B. W. Agranoff

  2. Institute of Psychiatric Research and Department of Psychiatry and Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

    M. H. Aprison

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1977 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Young, S.N., Sourkes, T.L. (1977). Tryptophan in the central nervous system: Regulation and Significance. In: Agranoff, B.W., Aprison, M.H. (eds) Advances in Neurochemistry. Advances in Neurochemistry, vol 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8237-3_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8237-3_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8239-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8237-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation